The Global Atmospheric Electrical Circuit and Climate

Evidence is emerging for physical links among clouds, global temperatures, the global atmospheric electrical circuit and cosmic ray ionisation. The global circuit extends throughout the atmosphere from the planetary surface to the lower layers of the ionosphere. Cosmic rays are the principal source of atmospheric ions away from the continental boundary layer: the ions formed permit a vertical conduction current to flow in the fair weather part of the global circuit. Through the (inverse) solar modulation of cosmic rays, the resulting columnar ionisation changes may allow the global circuit to convey a solar influence to meteorological phenomena of the lower atmosphere. Electrical effects on non-thunderstorm clouds have been proposed to occur via the ion-assisted formation of ultra-fine aerosol, which can grow to sizes able to act as cloud condensation nuclei, or through the increased ice nucleation capability of charged aerosols. Even small atmospheric electrical modulations on the aerosol size distribution can affect cloud properties and modify the radiative balance of the atmosphere, through changes communicated globally by the atmospheric electrical circuit. Despite a long history of work in related areas of geophysics, the direct and inverse relationships between the global circuit and global climate remain largely quantitatively unexplored. From reviewing atmospheric electrical measurements made over two centuries and possible paleoclimate proxies, global atmospheric electrical circuit variability should be expected on many timescales.     

Migration of Some Elements and Radionuclides across aGranite-Granite Contact Zone: A Natural Analoguefor Safe Disposal of High-Level Radwastes

Elements and natural radionuclides in the contact zone of two granites with different ages would migrate from one to the other because of the difference in their chemical contents and later water-rock interactions. This migration could serve as an analogue for the near-field process of radwastes in a high-level radwaste deep geological disposal repository.In the contact between the Indosinian granite (whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron age at 214@3 Ma) and Hercynian granite (zircon U-Pb isochron age at 296@31 Ma) located in Ziyuan County, Guangxi, the O and Pb isotope characteristics and the activity ratios of 234U/238U, 230Th/238U, 230Th/234U and 226Ra/230Th show that, based on the whole-rock chemical contents, both of the two granites have maintained a relatively open chemical system in their evolution processes. However, as there is no obvious open fault, the migration of major elements, trace elements and natural U-series nu-clides takes place within only 1-2 m in the contact zone, and water-rock interaction     

基于电化学阻抗谱测试方法研究四氢呋喃水合物的生成和分解过程

含水合物沉积物的电学性质极为复杂且影响因素众多,目前所采用的电阻率参数尚不能充分刻画含水合物沉积物的电学特性。本文提出应用电化学阻抗谱法对四氢呋喃水合物的生成和分解过程进行测试,采用等效电路模型拟合阻抗谱,通过分析等效电路元件参数的变化规律研究水合物生成和分解过程的阻抗谱特征。研究发现:1四氢呋喃水溶液测试体系的电化学阻抗谱可用传荷与扩散共同控制的电极过程的等效电路进行拟合;2在降温、水合物生成前和生成后的过程中,电荷传递电阻和韦伯阻抗能够显著地反映以上三个过程的转换;3升温过程中各电路元件参数总体变化趋势与降温过程相反。研究表明电化学阻抗谱测试法是研究水合物的电学性质及其生成和分解过程动力学机理的一种有效方法,等效电路元件参数能够从不同的角度揭示水合物生成和分解过程的内在信息。     

孟加拉国大拉乌布加拉饮用水安全危机的优化方案

孟加拉国沿海地区因其地理位置和自然灾害较多而归属生态环境脆弱地区,大约有3500万人生活在这里,他们的饮用水安全受到威胁。盐水入侵、砷和铁等重金属对水源的污染是造成水资源短缺的主要原因。海平面上升和气候异常事件加剧了沿海地区特别是西南沿海地区饮用水安全危机。本文以孟加拉国Satkhira地区的沿海Tala upazilas为例开展研究,采用基于GIS的多尺度分析方法来确定未来淡水缺乏解决方案和水源的选择,为此进行了问答式现场调查,收集研究区详细资料,以找到合适的水危机解决方案。基于浅层和深层两个不同含水层的资料(它们是饮用水主要来源的含水层水质),对不同水源的潜力和服务区域、社区的社会经济状况、用水类型以及相应的水源和用水需求进行了评价。研究发现,由于这里的地下水受砷、铁、盐碱污染,地表水又因管理不当而不能充分利用,在研究区及其附近很难找到其他的安全水源。在某些情况下,地表水在风暴潮期间由于高盐水的闪蒸和咸水养殖业的渗漏而遭污染。考虑到各种限制条件并结合现场数据、路网、聚落点位置、需水量等地理空间和社会经济信息进行分析,发现了一些符合社区饮用水需求的潜在水源点的分布位置,并提出了一些预防饮用水水危机和地表水可持续利用的技术措施。     

莫斯科、伊尔库茨克至南极长城站短波衰落特性分析

为了研究过极区的短波长电路的衰落特性,在南极长城站收测莫斯科、依尔库茨克的短波授时台信号,并给出各频率对应的衰落深度、衰落率、衰落平均持续时间等参数的统计特征和衰落幅度分布曲线。结果表明：（１）在莫斯科、依尔库茨克－南极长城站两条电路上,其电离层短波信道是快衰落信道,信号幅度衰落绝大部分服从瑞利分布,分布特性与频率、时间、距离、位置关系不大;（２）莫斯科－南极长城站电路的衰落深度与频率、时间有关,频率低,其衰落深度大。但依尔库茨克－南极长城站电路的衰落深度与频率、时间无关,说明衰落深度与频率、时间的关系还要受距离、位置等因素的影响。（３）频率越高,衰落率也越高,０４：００～０９：００时段内衰落率高于其他时段。     

超声测风传感器在回路风洞中的测试

超声测风仪因启动风速小、无转动部件、不破坏风场、测量精度高等特点,适用于多种行业的测风需求。超声波测风的相关检定规程当前在国内尚未正式制定。本文借鉴风杯检定规程所选择的风速测试点,在HDF-720低速回路风洞中,对超声测风仪在不同角度下进行了测试数据统计分析。结果表明:超声测风仪可以安装在工作段面较大的风洞中进行测试,由于超声探头存在阴影效应,对于同一风速,不同角度上的测量结果稍有差异,而且不同风速对应的差异也不同。利用超声测风仪进行风速实时测量时,必须结合上述测试分析,按照超声传感器的安装角度,对测量值进行相应修正。     

强烈岩溶控制型崩塌形成机理研究

2006年1月27日,贵州省威宁县猴场镇腰岩脚发生崩塌。腰岩脚高陡坡为软弱基座型,上覆硬岩为碳酸盐岩,下伏软岩中有近水平可采煤层。基于灾害特征及过程分析,建立了崩塌发生机制概念模型,即高陡斜坡中因强烈岩溶作用发育有深切溶蚀裂缝和水平溶洞,形成高陡岩墙,坡体深部煤层向坡面过度回采,导致岩墙下部应力集中过大而发展为破坏。基于MIDAS/GTS分析软件量化分析了崩塌发生机理及过程,并进一步分析了不同采空率下回采工作面距离陡崖面的临界安全距离,可为类似条件下煤矿开采提供参考依据。     

脉冲激励式多路传感器接口电路

本文介绍的脉冲激励式多路传感器接口电路，在一个等幅脉冲源对多路传感器激励的同时，用一个由串行DAC和比较器组成的逐位逼近ADC。受控于87C51单片机，完成多路信道的数字化，作者已完成的12位ADC，由一个5V脉冲源激励C、T、D、pH、DO、Ref等传感器，每30s一次8路扫描。该电路简单、经济，特别适合于需要交流激励的水质传感器及水质检测。     

一种新型的控温、调速触发电路的设计

本文介绍一种工业自控过程中的控温和电机调速触发电路及设计方法。     

The Rangeland Livestock Carrying Capacity and Stocking Rate in the Kailash Sacred Landscape in China

Maintaining the health and productivity of rangelands by controlling the livestock stocking rate to remain within carrying capacity is of significance to ensure sustainable management of rangeland ecosystems. But we know little about the safe carrying capacity in particular rangeland landscapes. This has hampered efforts to use rangelands in a risk-averse manner in fluctuating rainfall environments, and especially in arid and semiarid areas. To address this lack of information, we took Kailash Sacred Landscape in China (KSL-China) as our study site and used remote sensing data, meteorological data and statistical data from 2000 to 2015 to analyze rangeland carrying capacity, stocking rate, and major influencing factors. Rangeland carrying capacity presented an increasing trend, while stocking rate was gradually decreasing, resulting in an increase of carrying rate in the study area. The increased carrying capacity was closely related to increased rainfall. Stocking rate declined owing to government regulations, particularly implementation in 2004 of the national policy of Returning Grazing Land to Grassland. There was a sharp reduction of livestock number below 200 000 standard sheep units (SU) after 2005. The decrease of stocking rate had a stronger effect on rangeland carrying rate than did the increase of carrying capacity. Ecosystem restoration programs have provided subsidies to pastoralists to encourage them to reduce livestock numbers. Our findings suggest that a safe rangeland carrying capacity is ca. 170 000 SU in KSL-China. There is a carrying capacity surplus of ca. 50 000 SU for safe animal husbandry development in the study area. More importantly, future climate warming and increases in grazing may jointly play a key role in affecting rangeland carrying capacity.