川东卧龙河-洋渡溪区带长兴组台内礁滩沉积格局及有利储集体展布

随着川东碳酸盐岩礁滩储层勘探的大力推进,台内礁滩储层成为该区关注的重点之一,但其研究程度较低。本文以岩芯、野外剖面、薄片鉴定资料为基础,确定研究区长兴组早期发育碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积体系;中-晚期发育碳酸盐岩台地沉积体系,开阔台地相构成该区主要沉积类型。层序地层研究表明:长兴组划分为两个三级层序,台内礁滩主要发育于Sq1和Sq2的高位体系域,横向上分布不连续,纵向上发育期次有变化,其中西部构造区带主要发育于Sq2-HST,而在东部Sq1和Sq2高位体系域均有分布,且以Sq1-HST更为发育。物性分析资料表明颗粒白云岩、粉晶白云岩为主要的储集岩类,台内礁滩沉积为主要储集相带,台内礁滩的沉积格局控制着有利储集体的分布,而台内地貌高地对于控制礁滩分布具有关键作用。地质和地震预测结果表明研究区有利台内礁滩储集体的发育主要沿遂宁和广安两个台内高地展布,卧龙河构造带是已经揭示的有利储层发育带,南部高带可能是该区未来台内礁滩储集体勘探的重要方向。     

四川盆地大湾—毛坝—铁山坡地区飞仙关组储层特征及其主控因素

21世纪是中国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探开发的一个大发展期,目前中国海相碳酸盐岩油气田多数为埋深达4000m以下的深部古生界层系。如何在深层碳酸盐岩地层中寻找优质储层已成为油气勘探家们关心的焦点;近期发现的普光气田是中国目前发现的碳酸盐岩储层次生孔隙最为发育的气藏,并严格受控于沉积微相的分布及白云岩化、埋藏溶蚀作用等成岩相的控制。本文以“相控论”理论为指导,对川东北普光外围大湾—毛坝—铁山坡地区下三叠统飞仙关组优质储层形成与演化起主控作用的“储集相”——有利的沉积相、成岩相进行详细研究和解剖。通过露头剖面、钻井、测井和地震等资料的研究,结合单因素分析、多因素综合作图法,认为大湾—毛坝—铁山坡地区飞仙关组主要发育斜坡、台缘浅滩、开阔台地和局限台地4个沉积相单位。结合岩心详描和室内大量岩心、岩屑薄片以及铸体薄片的观察和研究,认为控制储层形成的关键是白云岩化、埋藏溶蚀作用等成岩相。根据铸体薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析、物性分析及压汞分析等手段,研究认为优质储层以大套溶孔粉-细晶残余鲕粒白云岩为特征,岩石中溶孔极为发育,以大孔粗喉型、中孔中喉型为主;物性较好,以高孔高渗和中孔中渗为主,孔渗相关性明显。相控储层作用明显,纵向上主要分布于飞二段至飞一段顶部,横向上台缘浅滩为有利储层的分布区。台缘浅滩相带控制了本区优质储层的岩性及大致空间分布范围,白云岩化及埋藏溶蚀作用则决定了优质储层的最终分布范围和储集性能。通过对大湾—毛坝—铁山坡地区台地边缘浅滩储层“相控论”的探讨,以期对中国深层海相碳酸盐岩的勘探起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

An inland facies-controlled eogenetic karst of the carbonate reservoir in the Middle Permian Maokou Formation,southern Sichuan Basin,SW China

Carbonate karst is one of the research highlights in the field of carbonate reservoir geology. Here, we report on a new type of karst formed in the Middle Permian Maokou Formation, southern Sichuan Basin, SW China, i.e., inland facies-controlled eogenetic karst, which is different from the previously defined telogenetic karst. This karst is eogenetic as the formation was buried at shallow depths prior to being subaerially exposed for a period of 7–8 Myr, in the paleo-continental region of the Upper Yangtze Uplift. Subaerial exposure may have been caused by a sea level regression during the Tungwu Orogeny, which gave rise to a depositional hiatus over a broad area. The top of the Maokou Formation is commonly marked by a weathered crust and an unconformable relationship with overlying layers. Below the surface, the Maokou Formation contains sediments deposited by an underground drainage. The geological setting can be inferred from an inland karst far from coastline. The subsurface karst interval consists mainly of coarse-grained limestone and micrite, with the former occurring in shoal facies deposited in a high-energy depositional environment, and the latter in non-shoal facies deposited in a low-energy environment. Both of them were interbedded with in variable thicknesses. The coarse-grained limestone layers with high porosity and permeability acted as inception horizons, more favourable for the development of karst than the micritic layers with low porosity and permeability. Therefore, in places where both coarse-grained limestone and micrite are present, the karst is considered to be facies-controlled. The primary permeability of the coarse-grained limestone, combined with the permeability provided by faults and fractures, provides sufficient channels for karst water. Formation of the karst system was characterized by contemporaneous development at multiple levels, as controlled by the stratigraphic position of coarse-grained shoal facies. The karst reservoir therefore developed in both karst highland and karst transitional zone (area between the karst highland and karst basin). According to this model of karstification, hydrocarbon exploration should focus on karst highlands located on palaeohighs and in synclines located far from fault zones.     

Development of an incised valley‐fill at an evolving rift margin: Pleistocene eustasy and tectonics on the southern side of the Gulf of Corinth,Greece

This study from the southern margin of the Gulf of Corinth documents a Late Pleistocene incised valley‐fill succession that differs from the existing facies models, because it comprises gravelly shoal‐water and Gilbert‐type deltaic deposits, shows strong wave influence and lacks evidence of tidal activity. The valley‐fill is at least 140 m thick, formed in 50 to 100 ka between the interglacials Marine Isotope Stage 9a and Marine Isotope Stage 7c. The relative sea‐level rise left its record both inside and outside the incised valley, and the age of the valley‐fill is estimated from a U/Th date of coral‐bearing deposits directly outside the palaeovalley outlet. Tectonic up‐warping due to formation of a valley‐parallel structural relay ramp contributed to the valley segmentation and limited the landward extent of marine invasions. The valley segment upstream of the ramp crest was filled with a gravelly alluvium, whereas the downstream segment accumulated fluvio‐deltaic deposits. The consecutive deltaic systems nucleated in the ramp‐crest zone, forming a bathymetric gradient that promoted the ultimate growth of thick Gilbert‐type delta. The case study contributes to the spectrum of conceptual models for incised valley‐fill architecture. Four key models are discussed with reference to the rates of sediment supply and accommodation development, and it is pointed out that not only similarity, but also all departures of particular field cases from these end‐member models may provide valuable information on the system formative conditions. The Akrata incised valley‐fill represents conditions of high sediment supply and a rapid, but stepwise development of accommodation that resulted from the spatiotemporal evolution of normal faulting at the rift margin and overprinted glacioeustatic signals. This study adds to an understanding of valley‐fill architecture and provides new insights into the Pleistocene tectonics and palaeogeography of the Corinth Rift margin.     

陆表海碳酸盐岩台地沉积期微地貌恢复方法研究——以四川盆地磨溪气田嘉二2亚段A层为例

陆表海碳酸盐岩台地沉积期微地貌起伏差异小,难于确定。分析了沉积期微地貌控制着颗粒滩储层的发育及分布,因此,可通过对颗粒滩储层的研究,反演微地貌起伏。按此原理,建议具体研究步骤为:颗粒岩沉积为主体的等时地质体选取、储层成因确定、暴露时间确定、沉积期地貌恢复,以及成果检验应用。以四川盆地磨溪气田嘉陵江组嘉二2亚段A层为例,利用丰富的钻孔取心资料进行了实例研究,取得良好效果,表明该方法值得推广应用,尤其适用于钻探程度高、资料老、缺乏三孔隙度测井系列的盆地老区,这对于储层预测和新层挖潜具有重要参考意义。     

The impact of wind-waves and sea level rise on the morphodynamics of a sandy estuarine shoal

Intertidal shoals are pronounced morphological features found in many estuaries worldwide. Apart from maintaining an ecologically unique intertidal environment, shoals also protect adjacent dyke systems by attenuating waves. The fate of sandy shoals under anticipated sea level rise (SLR) scenarios is underexplored. The current research investigates the long-term morphodynamic evolution of estuarine sandy shoals under forcing by short fetch, locally generated wind-waves, tides, and SLR by means of a numerical, process-based model (Delft3D). The focus lies on a sheltered shoal complex in the Western Scheldt, the Netherlands. Starting from the initial, 1963 bathymetry, we model 50-year morphodynamic development with schematized wind-wave forcing. We analyze in detail the impact of locally generated wind-waves on shoal formation. Finally, we impose regional SLR of 1.10 m and 1.95 m for 100 years. Model results show that, on the spatial scale of intertidal flats, small, locally generated wind-waves lower and widen the shoals while the adjacent channels deepen. However, on the estuarine system scale, wind-waves do not lead to fundamentally different channel–shoal patterns and morphodynamic evolution trends. This suggests that channel–shoal formation is mainly due to tide residual sediment transports, with wind-waves playing a secondary role. SLR leads to a notable intertidal area loss, despite a continuous heightening of the shoals, implying that morphodynamic adaptation lags behind SLR. The inclusion of wind-waves does not fundamentally change the reaction of the estuarine shoal to SLR. Future research may focus on exploring the impact of including multiple sediment classes.     

温米退积型与进积型浅水辫状河三角洲沉积模式

不同类型辫状河三角洲的成因分析是预测剩余油分布及制定合理开发政策的基础。岩石地球化学及成因地层分析表明,温米油田三间房组是在气候干燥的淡水湖盆长期基准面旋回内的退积型和进积型浅水辫状河三角洲沉积。应用精细成因地层对比方法建立三间房组单砂层成因地层格架。基于单分流河道识别：退积型辫状河三角洲规模小,分流河道宽深比30～58,平面形态纵向由枝状向指状演化,发育CSm→MSp-l→FSh→FSp-h→FStr→FSp-h→Fr较细岩石相组合;进积型辫状河三角洲规模相对较大,分流河道宽深比53～108,平面形态纵向呈指状-枝状-片状演化,发育SCm→GCSm→CStr→FSp-h→FSp-l较粗岩石相组合,湖底坡折带发育小型河口坝。水气交替注入能较大幅度提高这类油藏的采收率。     

Mega-shoaling in carbonate platform of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation,Sichuan Basin,southwest China

Shoaling is a common type of sedimentation in the evolution of carbonate platform,and commonly has poor continuity.This paper presents a newly discovered and rare type of shoaling,i.e.,mega-shoaling in nearly basin scale,which is developed in the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation of the Sichuan Basin,southwest China.During the Leikoupo time,the studied Sichuan Basin experienced hot and dry climate conditions and developed a carbonate platform within a restricted epicontinental sea.In B sub-layer of the Lei-1-1 sub-member of the Leikoupo Formation a series of grainstones of shoal facies accumulated throughout almost the entire basin,thereby generating features associated with basin-scale mega-shoaling.By detailed core examination and microscopic observation of thin sections,it is shown that the lithology of this set of grainstones is dominated by doloarenite(calcarenite)followed by oolitic dolomite(limestone).In addition,it contains three types of sedimentary sequences characterized by upward-coarsening and upward-shallowing as the followings:restricted lagoon to platform interior beach;restricted lagoon to platform interior beach and to platform flat;and tidal flat to peritidal beach.Subsequently,a multicyclic stratigraphic division and correlation revealed that this set of grainstones can be well traced and compared horizontally,and is generally isochronous.In addition,a template for logging facies,established based on core calibrations and logging data,was employed to analyze the 235 wells in the basin.The results demonstrate the shoal grainstones to be 10–40 m thick with a15×104km2continuous distribution area.These findings indicate that the carbonate platform developed mega-shoals within a short period of time.The genesis of such a mega-shoaling was investigated by focusing on various shoaling conditions,such as paleo-tectonics,paleo-geomorphology,paleo-climate,sea-level changes,and palaeo-hydrodynamics.A specific combination of independent geological factors creates beneficial geomorphologic conditions for the mega-shoaling including a quiescent paleo-tectonic environment,relatively flat paleo-geomorphology and evaporites filling up and leveling off.In addition,a stably settling carbonate platform underwent sea-level fluctuations through swift transgressions and protracted regressions,which is not only conducive to continuous,multicyclic and superimposed vertical development of grain beaches but also beneficial for the horizontal migration,coalescence and superimposition of individual grain beaches.As a consequence,large-scale and continuously-distributed grain beach sedimentation emerges and mega-shoals develop.     

近岸较大区域波浪数值模型的比较

将适用于近岸较大区域波浪传播变形的三种模型,即基于抛物型缓坡方程的不规则波模型、引入浅水波浪谱 TMA 谱的 SWAN(simulating waves nearshore)模型以及采用默认 JONSWAP 谱的 SWAN模型应用于特拉华大学(University of Delaware)圆形浅滩实验进行比较.结果显示,抛物型缓坡方程和SWAN 的模拟结果与实验所测数据符合都比较好; SWAN 在非线性作用较强的浅滩中心及靠后部效果更佳,而抛物型缓坡方程由于没有考虑非线性作用,模拟得到的最大波高较实测值偏高,且波高变化较为剧烈.     

四川盆地三叠系颗粒碳酸盐岩储层的成因类型

三叠系颗粒碳酸盐岩储层是四川盆地主要的产气层系之一,按成因可划分为残余粒间孔型滩相储层、岩溶型滩相储层(可进一步划分为早期岩溶型滩相储层、埋藏岩溶型滩相储层和表生岩溶型滩相储层)、白云岩化型滩相储层和复合型滩相储层。它们的储集空间特征分别为：残余粒间孔型滩相储层以残余粒间孔+粒间溶孔为主;早期岩溶型滩相储层以粒内溶孔+铸模孔为主;埋藏岩溶型滩相储层以溶蚀(扩)孔洞为主;表生岩溶型滩相储层多具有形态各异的岩溶孔洞系统;白云岩化型滩相储层以晶间孔+晶间溶孔为主;复合滩相型储层为两种或以上成因类型相叠加;优质颗粒滩碳酸盐岩储层最终形成绝大多数是以沉积相为基础叠加建设性成岩作用改造的产物。