用水准测量资料反演1990年青海共和地震的震源机制

利用地面垂直形变测量资料研究了1990年4月26日青海共和Ms6.9地震的震源机制。通过反演得出这次地震是由逆冲倾滑为主的断层错动引起的。该断层走向102°,倾向SW,倾角46°,长40km,宽9km,断层上部边界至地面的垂直距离3km,下部边界至地面的垂直距离10km。逆冲倾滑错距79cm,伴以错距5cm的左旋走向滑动。这是一次低应力降(3.8MPa)的板内地震,应变降为5.7×10~(-5),地震矩9.8×10~(18)N°m,能量释放5.0×10~(14)J。由反演得到的共和地震的震源机制与等震线的形态、余震的空间分布以及共和盆地断层交汇的特征总体上是一致的。     

Anatomy of a small intraplate earthquake: a dissection of its rupture characteristics using regional data

The magnitude m _bLg 5.0 Mont-Laurier earthquake of 1990 October 19, in Quebec, Canada, was one of the largest to have occurred in eastern North America during the past decade. High-frequency ground motions recorded on regional network instruments exceeded values anticipated for an event of its size by a factor of 3. A commonly favoured explanation for the discrepancy is that the source was a rare 'high-stress' event. In this paper, detailed fault-slip models are derived to fit waveform and spectral characteristics of the regional data. The results establish that the effective rupture stress was normal (about 100 bars), that the fault rupture developed asymmetrically, and that the average slip time for points inside the rupture area (approx. 0.1 s) was significantly less than that associated with the standard Brune (1970) source spectral model. The rupture area developed in at least four distinct episodes, each extending the previously ruptured area. Taken together with similar results for the m _bLg 6.5 Saguenay earthquake of 1988 November, the results indicate that a widely used assumption in hazard analyses, that earthquake spectra are adequately represented by the standard Brune spectral model, is unreliable for the interpretation and prediction of strong ground motion.     

Seismicity of the Koyna region and regional tectonomagmatism of the Western Margin (India)

Recent findings on the Meso-Cenozoic tectonomagmatism and deep-seated anomalous geophysical structures suggest a close linkage between the seismicity of the Koyna region, the Westernghat uplift (WG-U) and associated thermomechanical and fluid activities. The WG-U seems to be the result of late Cretaceous thermal mobilization, erosion of the Deccan trap cover and superposition of compressional stress. The association of seismicity with uplift seems to result from movement of deep-seated heat and fluids/volatiles along the edges (or boundary faults) of the uplift; because the force required for crustal deformation depends on the relief. Observed gradients in relief may be attributed to the differential erosion-rates and heat inputs, due to the time gap of 50 Ma in the break-ups and plume activities on the eastern and western sides and consequence magmatism. Further, the geology and tectonics strongly indicate that the western margin (WM) is a relic of a mobile arm (MA), that included Madagascar, and which formed a part of the Proterozoic mobile belt of greater India (fort>85 Ma). The mobile nature of the WM facilitates mantle upwellings and transient elevation of isotherms at depth, raising the possibility of intermittent metamorphism and greater deformation.Superposition of the ongoing compression and uplift-induced forces make local permeability and pore-fluid pressure vital in triggering the seismic slip over the Peninsular shield. Certain representative model calculations have been carried out to estimate change in the e.m. induction characteristics caused by an intermittent hydraulic connectivity. The results show a drop in the resistivity which could be a useful monitoring index. The close connection of uplift and fluid activity as discussed here seems applicable for other active parts of the South Indian Shield (SIS) also.     

Bowers Swell: Evidence for a zone of compressive deformation concentric with Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea

Bowers Swell is a newly discovered bathymetric feature which is up to 90 m high, between 12 and 20 km wide, and which extends arcuately about 400 km along the northern and eastern sides of Bowers Ridge. The swell was first revealed on GLORIA sonographs and subsequently mapped on seismic reflection and 3.5 kHz bathymetric profiles. These geophysical data show that the swell caps an arcuate anticlinal ridge, which is composed of deformed strata in an ancient trench on the northern and eastern sides of Bowers Ridge. The trench fill beneath the swell is actively deforming, as shown by faulting of the sea floor and by thinning of the strata across the crest of the swell. Thinning and faulting of the trench strata preclude an origin for the swell by simple sediment draping over an older basement high. We considered several models for the origin of Bowers Swell, including folding and uplift of the underlying trench sediment during the interaction between the Pacific plate beneath the Aleutian Ridge and a remnant oceanic slab beneath Bowers Ridge. However, such plate motions should generate extensive seismicity beneath Bowers Ridge, which is aseismic, and refraction data do not show any remnant slab beneath Bowers Ridge. Another origin considered for Bowers Swell invokes sediment deformation resulting from differential loading and diapirism in the trench fill. However, diapirism is not evident on seismic reflection profiles across the swell. We favour a model in which sediment deformation and swell formation resulted from a few tens of kilometers of low seismicity motion by intraplate crustal blocks beneath the Aleutian Basin. This motion may result from the translation of blocks in western Alaska to the south-west, forcing the movement of the Bering Sea margin west of Alaska into the abyssal Aleutian Basin.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部晚三叠世辉绿岩年代学、地球化学及其构造意义

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部中奥陶统马家沟组灰岩内部发育多条辉绿岩脉。辉绿岩富集高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf等,具有板内拉斑玄武岩的地球化学特征,其地球化学数据显示原始岩浆经历过比较强烈的结晶分异演化。对辉绿岩的锆石进行U-Pb LA-ICP-MS测年获得的²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄为750~195 Ma。根据峰值年龄并结合区域地质资料,本文把辉绿岩的形成年龄确定为224 Ma(晚三叠世)。辉绿岩反映鄂尔多斯盆地西南部在晚三叠世处于类似大陆裂谷的伸展构造环境,晚三叠世西邻陇山地区发生的强烈碰撞后伸展作用也可能有助于进一步强化鄂尔多斯盆地西南部的伸展构造环境。当时该地区岩石圈的稳定性相对较弱,为该地区后续的早侏罗世和早白垩世岩浆活动提供了物质基础。晚三叠世及后期的岩浆活动提高了鄂尔多斯盆地西南部的地温梯度并加快了该地区烃源岩的热演化进程,可能对该地区的油气成藏条件造成潜在影响。     

科学找矿工作的探索——兼述战略性矿产找矿工程

科学找矿是发现矿床和矿产勘查过程的总称, 在我国已探索了四十余年。它是应用当代有效的成矿学理论, 从各类资料和数据(地、物、化、遥)中提取信息, 研究区域成矿规律, 圈定不同级别的成矿区带(I—V级), 在成矿信息浓集区带或地段, 述明潜在矿床的地质条件, 判定矿床类型, 指明寻找未发现矿床的标志, 部署矿产勘查后进而发现了矿床, 公认它是矿产勘查学科各环节有机联系的系统流程。科学找矿引领地质找矿的重大突破, 促进矿产勘查工作的现代化。我国已通过矿产区划构建了科学找矿内容的基本格架, 在“新一轮固体矿产普查”、“矿产勘查跨世纪工程”、“矿产资源调查评价”和“找矿突破战略行动纲要”(又称“三五八”行动纲要)的实践中进行探索。获取的找矿成果证明, 科学找矿要以矿床成矿系列、矿产预测理论和成矿信息为指导; 矿产远景区划、地质资料的数据处理和提取成矿信息、编制矿产预测和矿床勘探系列图件是手段; 研究典型矿床, 建立区域的和矿床的成矿模式、总结区域成矿规律、圈定矿产预测远景区和找矿靶区、部署矿产勘查工作是发现矿床的科学支撑; 矿产勘查有效机制将科学找矿各个环节的内容实现有机联接, 组成获取找矿和矿床勘探成果的基本段, 概括为“三项理论”、“二个系统”、“二项技术”, 直至今日, 探索工作已获得很好的找矿效果。在未来的“战略性矿产找矿行动(2021—2035年)”实施过程中, 用科学找矿的思路构建矿产勘查新格局。     

东北非VMS矿床地质特征与研究进展

东北非地区主要包括埃及、苏丹、厄立特里亚和埃塞俄比亚.该地区金、银、铜、锌等矿产资源丰富,主要矿床类型为VMS(火山成因块状硫化物)矿床.自发现Ariab、Bisha等大型VMS矿床以来,各国矿业公司在东北非地区开展勘探和开发,并新发现大量矿床,铜、金等矿产资源量不断增加.通过对区域内各国VMS矿床的勘查、研究进展进行...     

东胜铀矿床孙家梁和沙沙圪台地段控矿因素对比

根据铀成矿作用及铀矿体的产出特点分析,认为东胜铀矿床孙家梁和沙沙圪台地段铀成矿过程明显受铀储层的古层间氧化作用、后期改造及还原保矿作用的控制。研究表明,由于不同地段的控制因素存在差异,造成铀矿化特点不一致。因此,掌握不同地段的控矿因素,有助于判断古层间氧化带前锋线的产出位置,对扩大东胜铀矿床规模、预测富铀矿体产出部位以及区域找矿具有指导意义。     

Sm–Nd evidence for high-grade Ordovician metamorphism in the Arunta Block, central Australia

Sm–Nd ages from the Harts Range in the south-eastern Arunta Inlier in central Australia indicate that regional metamorphism up to granulite facies occurred in the Early Ordovician (c. 475 Ma). This represents a radical departure from previous tectonic models for the region and identifies a previously unrecognized intraplate event in central Australia. Peak metamorphic assemblages (800 °C and 10.5 kbar) formed at around 476±14 Ma and underwent approximately 4 kbar of near-isothermal decompression at 475±4 Ma. A coarse-grained unfoliated garnet–clinopyroxene-bearing marble inferred to have recrystallized late in the decompressional evolution, gives an age of 469±7 Ma. Two lines of evidence suggest the Early Ordovician tectonism occurred in an extensional setting. First, the timing of the high-grade lower crustal deformation coincides with a period of marine sedimentation in the Amadeus and Georgina basins that was associated with a seaway that developed across central Australia. Second, isothermal decompression of lower crustal rocks was associated with the formation of a regional, sub-horizontal mid-crustal foliation. In the Entia Gneiss Complex, which forms the structurally lowest part of the Harts Range, upper-amphibolite facies metamorphism (c. 700 °C, 8–9 kbar) occurred at 479±15 Ma. There is no evidence that P–T conditions in the Entia Gneiss Complex were as high as in the overlying units. This implies that the extensional system was reworked during a later compressional event. Sm–Nd data from the mid-amphibolite facies (c. 650 °C and 6 kbar) detachment zone that separates the Irindina Supracrustal Assemblage and Entia Gneiss Complex give an age of 449±10 Ma. This age corresponds to the timing of a change in the pattern and style of sedimentation in the Amadeus and Georgina basins, and indicates that the change in basin dynamics was associated with mid-crustal deformation. It also suggests that compressional deformation culminating in the Devonian to Carboniferous (400–300 Ma) Alice Springs Orogeny may have begun as early as c. 450 Ma. At present, the extent of Early Ordovician tectonism in central Australia is unknown. However, granulite facies metamorphism and associated intense deformation imply an event of regional extent. An implication of this work is that high-grade lower crustal metamorphism and intense deformation occurred during the development of a broad, shallow, slowly subsiding intraplate basin.     

Generation and Evolution of Ore Fluids for Porphyry Cu-Au Mineralization of the Santo Tomas II (Philex) Deposit, Philippines

Abstract: The Santo Tomas II (Philex) deposit is a porphyry Cu‐Au deposit, located in the southern part of the Baguio mineral district, Benguet Province, northern Luzon, Philippines. The Santo Tomas II deposit is associated with an intrusive complex consisting of four rock types that are distinguished based on petrography. They are 1) post‐ore clinopyroxene‐bearing hornblende andesite porphyry, 2) ore‐generating hornblende andesite porphyry, 3) hornblende quartz diorite porphyry and 4) porphyritic hornblende quartz diorite. K‐Ar age of hydrothermal biotitization was estimated to be 1.5±0.4 Ma. A number of intrusive bodies having broadly similar petrography and K‐Ar age occur in the vicinity of the Santo Tomas II deposit, such as at Clifton, Ligay (Binang), Bumolo (Waterhole) and Philex Main Camp areas. The intrusions at the Santo Tomas II deposit and in the vicinity are characterized by high X_Mg (Mg/[Mg+Fe] atomic ratio, about 0.7 or higher) of mafic silicate phenocrysts such as hornblende, and high sulfur contents (> 0.2 wt% as SO₃) in accessory microphenocrystic apatite, suggesting a highly oxidizing condition. Sulfur is accommodated dominantly as oxidized species since the crystallization of phe‐nocrysts. Sub‐dendritic rim of tremolitic amphibole on hornblende phenocryst in the ore‐generating andesite porphyry at the Santo Tomas II deposit suggests interaction of magma and aqueous fluid(s) exsolved due to decompression during intrusion. Dissemination of magnetite is associated with hydrothermal biotitization and is followed by sheeted and stockwork quartz veinlets having silician magnetite and rare titanohematite instead of Cu‐Fe sulfides. The silician magnetite‐rich quartz veinlet was formed at f_O2 near the hematite‐magnetite buffer at nearly magmatic temperature, where sulfur dominantly existed as oxidized species such as SO₂. Chalcopyrite and bornite, which commonly exhibit micrographic texture often accompanying Pd telluride and native gold/Au‐rich electrum, are associated with subsequent anhydrite (‐quartz) veinlets and stringers. Both intermediate solid solution (iss) and bornite solid solution (bnss) are thought to have coprecipitated primarily at above 500°C based on fluid inclusion microthermometry and sulfur isotope thermometry applied for anhydrite and associated chal‐copyrite and bornite. The initial iss is considered to have converted to chalcopyrite partly replacing bnss during cooling. The hypersaline polyphase fluid inclusions abundantly found in the sheeted and stockwork quartz as well as anhydrite veinlets with scarce gaseous inclusions suggest that they have been trapped in the two aqueous fluid immiscible region. The western Luzon arc associated with porphyry Cu mineralization is characterized by oxidized hydrous magmatism and shallow emplacement, and by the source of sulfur enriched in ³⁴S.