软基真空预压加固的注气增效机制与数值分析

无砂垫层真空预压技术已成功应用于软土地基加固工程,但软土的低透水性致使其工期很长。为此提出联合间歇性注气以改进真空预压技术,提高其排水速率、缩短工期。建立联合注气的真空预压法有限元分析模型,通过注气位置与注气压力的改变,对比分析注气前后土体中渗流速度、排水速率、渗透比降等的变化规律。结果表明,注气能显著提高真空预压法的排水速率,增强真空预压法的加固效果;由于气体的轻质特性,在排水板下方注气更有利于排水效果;在不冲破土层的情况下,注气压力越大,促进加固的效果越好。联合注气能有效增强真空预压加固软土地基的排水效率,有着较好的工程应用前景。     

Implications of subsurface thermal–hydraulic–mechanical processes associated with glaciation on Shield flow system evolution and performance assessment

A deep geologic repository (DGR) situated on the Canadian Shield will be subject to long-term climate change that will markedly alter surface conditions as a result of glaciation and permafrost penetration. Systematic, two-dimensional and three-dimensional coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical finite-element simulations with varying degrees of coupling, including depth-dependent salinity (represented as a change in groundwater density) and temperature-dependent density and viscosity, were undertaken to address the implications of glaciation on groundwater flow system dynamics as it could affect DGR performance. The modelling domain consisted of a 1.6-km deep sub-regional scale (≈100 km²) fractured Shield flow system. Initial and transient thermal, hydraulic and mechanical boundary conditions were developed from two realizations of the University of Toronto Glacial Systems Model of the last Laurentide glaciation. Results indicate that during the glacial loading/unloading cycle, for this particular conceptual model, there is limited penetration of glacial meltwaters to depth and small residual anomalous hydraulic head. During glacial coverage, the mechanical factor of safety increases in the moderately fractured and sparsely fractured rock mass, but principal effective stress reorientation also occurs. Given the assumed nonglacial in situ state of stress and mechanical properties, the fracture zones were predicted to be less stable under glacial conditions.

降雨过程中边坡临界滑动场

降雨入渗过程中孔隙水压力的升高与基质吸力的降低引起边坡稳定性的下降,是导致边坡滑塌的主要诱导因素。利用饱和-非饱和渗流有限元计算得到的孔隙水压力场,基于Fredlund提出的非饱和土抗剪强度理论,对边坡临界滑动场进行改进,提出可以考虑降雨过程的边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法,能够方便、快速地计算出边坡局部、整体安全系数和相对应的临界滑动面在降雨过程中的变化历程。将该法用于一个典型均质边坡和一个非均质边坡在降雨过程中的稳定性计算,分析降雨持续时间、降雨强度和非饱和强度参数取值等因素对边坡稳定性的影响,并将计算结果与其他方法进行比较,结果表明临界滑动场方法能搜索任意形状最危险滑面,计算的安全系数合理。     

煤层底板破坏流固耦合数值模拟

根据煤层底板含水层具有不均一性的特点,建立了底板含水层非均布水压力学模型和流固耦合模型,并根据"下三带"理论和弹塑性理论求得了底板保护带突水极限压力的弹性解和塑性解。利用FLAC3D软件对工作面采动底板进行了流固耦合数值模拟,并对煤层采动底板的应力破坏特征以及渗流特征进行了研究。综合采用理论计算和数值模拟的方法对煤层底板进行了突水预测。研究表明:非均布水压模型更符合工程实际,数值模拟方法可以快捷、准确的对煤层底板突水进行预测,对水害防治具有重要意义。      

Compared performance of a conceptual and a mechanistic hydrologic models of a green roof

In order to investigate the hydrologic response of a green roof system within the urban environment, a monitoring campaign is carried out at the green roof site of the University of Genova (Italy). Experimental data confirm that the green roof is able to significantly mitigate the generation of runoff with median values of retained volume and peak reduction, respectively, equal to 94 and 98%. A conceptual linear reservoir and a simple mechanistic (Hydrus‐1D) models are implemented to simulate the hydrologic behaviour of the system; each model is calibrated and validated based on experimental data collected at the green roof site. The hydrographs simulated with both hydrologic models reproduce with acceptable matching capabilities the experimental measurements, as confirmed by the Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency index generally greater than 0·60. Although the relative percentage differences evaluated for the selected hydrograph variables (the total effluent volume, the peak flow rate and the hydrograph centroid) demonstrate that the mechanistic model is more accurate, prediction errors of the conceptual model are generally limited when compared with the observed hydrologic performance. Results of the present comparison are useful in supporting conceptual model selection in case the hydrologic response is addressed for hydrologic performance assessment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种用于突发性场地污染模拟的解析模型

为了及时有效地应对各种突发性环境污染事故,有必要开发一种简单实用、适于各类型污染物的场地污染数学模型。通过污染事故发生后污染物在包气带、饱和带迁移转化的概化,建立了污染物运移的自由入渗模型以及降雨入渗模型并给出各自相应的解析解。无降雨时,考虑污染物在重力作用下随包气带向下渗透的作用,建立一维垂直入渗模型。有降雨时,考虑污染场地(包气带)中污染物迁移和转化的对流作用、扩散作用及挥发、生物降解、吸附、根系吸收等作用,建立包气带剖面二维溶质运移模型和饱和带平面二维溶质运移数学模型。建模过程中,假定降雨量的平均分布及土壤质地、水力参数以及有机物成分、种类均相同,同时假定污染物与多孔介质间的作用为线性吸附,植物根系对污染物的吸附遵循一级动力学。基于模型的解析解,实现案例的模拟计算。模拟结果表明:该模型具有适用范围广、模拟高效快捷等优点,能够较准确预测污染发生后污染物在土壤中的动向、到达饱和带的时间以及饱和带中污染物的迁移情况。     

间歇性输水影响下的2001-2011 年塔里木河下游生态环境变化

采用2001-2011 年野外调查资料和卫星遥感影像数据,对生态输水影响下的塔里木河下游地下水、植被变化特征进行分析,并探讨了典型断面植被对地下水埋深变化的响应关系。结果表明:(1) 各断面地下水位变化过程与河道来水过程密切相关,近10 年来经历了显著抬升(2000-2005 年)—缓慢降低(2006-2009 年)—小幅抬升(2010 至今) 的过程,主要表现为随生态输水量的改变呈波动变化;地下水位抬升幅度与生态放水量的相关系数达0.78,与生态放水持续时间的相关系数为0.70。(2) 2001-2011 年塔河下游植被覆盖面积总体上呈增加趋势,其中灌木林地和草地变化显著,林地和耕地面积呈小幅度变化;植被覆盖度的变化主要表现为2001-2006 年显著提高和2006-2011 年小幅变化。(3) 植被覆盖度随地下水位的抬升呈现出增加的趋势;垂直河道的方向上,同时期植被覆盖度与地下水埋深空间分布特征一致,均以输水河道为轴向两侧植被覆盖度(地下水埋深) 逐渐降低(增大);平行河道的方向,植被覆盖度对地下水埋深的响应幅度随着离大西海子水库距离的增加而减小。     

太湖疏浚底泥堆场黏土防渗层阻隔污染物的试验研究

底泥疏浚是治理太湖污染的必要途径之一。限于目前国内的经济与技术条件以及疏浚底泥的数量巨大,太湖雪浪底泥堆场只能直接采用下部的天然黏性土层作为防渗层而不加任何处理。为了确保疏浚污染底泥在堆放期间不对周围环境和地下水造成污染,采用渗透与阻隔、静态吸附、动态土柱等试验测定和分析了黏土层对底泥中主要污染物（总氮、氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮、总磷、化学耗氧量（COD））渗透和运移的阻隔能力,同时得到了可用于分析污染物在土层中运移和转化规律的一些重要参数。试验结果表明,雪浪堆场下部的黏土层对疏浚底泥中的主要污染物具有较强的吸附和阻隔能力。     

Uncertainty of rainfall-induced landslides considering spatial variability of parameters

A cross-correlation analysis is conducted to determine the impacts of the heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity K_s, soil cohesion c′ and soil friction angle (tan φ′) on the uncertainty of slope stability in time and space during rainfall. We find the relative importance of tan φ′ and c′ depends on the effective stress. While the sensitivity of the stability to the variability of K_s is small, the large coefficient of variation of K_s may exacerbate the variability of pore-water pressure. Therefore, characterizing the heterogeneity of hydraulic properties and pore-water distribution in the field is critical to the stability analysis.     

人工掏挖坡面侵蚀微地貌演化及其水力学特性分析

人工掏挖是黄土高原地区夏闲地翻耕时广为应用的耕作方式,为探明其坡面侵蚀过程,利用三维激光扫描仪及ArcGIS软件,阐明其在人工模拟间歇降雨下坡面微地貌、侵蚀产沙及水力学参数演变规律。结果表明:①坡面侵蚀历经溅蚀-片蚀、断续细沟、连续细沟3个阶段;降雨截止时细沟平面密度、平均沟深、最大沟长和最大沟深分别增至初始的1.42倍、2.24倍、15.5倍和2.43倍。②地表糙度随降雨历时推移从1.706呈近似线性趋势减小至1.488;累积降雨量达80 mm之前,径流量、含沙量随地表糙度的减小增加缓慢,但之后随地表糙度减小增加剧烈。③降雨过程中流速呈现波动增加趋势,水流由层流快速过渡至紊流,但始终保持为缓流,水流阻力呈波动下降,且形态阻力一直居于主导地位。人工掏挖耕作坡面在雨强1.5 mm/min、降雨量80 mm以内可起到蓄水保土作用,但在连续强降雨下也更易引起细沟侵蚀。