Weathering-pedogenesis of Carbonate Rocks and Its Environmental Effects in Subtropical Region

We investigated the weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and its environmental effects in subtropical regions of China. The investigation demonstrated that the weathering- pedogenesis of carbonate rocks is the process of a joint action of corrosion and illuviation and metasomatism in subtropical region. It is characterized by multi-stage, multi-path and multi-style. With the persisting development of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks, metasomatic pedogenesis progressively became the main process of the weathering-pedogenesis and the dominant style of formation of minerals. And it proceeds through the whole process of evolution of the weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks. The stage evolution of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and the fractionation evolution of newly produced minerals are characterized by obvious vertically zoning structures and the rules of gradation of elements geochemical characteristics in the carbonate rocks weathering profiles. The geochemical process of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks can be divided into three geochemical evolution stages, i.e., the Ca, Mg-depletion and Si, Al-enrichment stage; the Fe, Mn enrichment stage and the Si-depletion and Al-enrichment stage in the subtropical regions. Consistent with the three geochemical evolution stages, the sequence of formation and evolution of minerals can be divided into the clay mineral stage; the Fe, Mn oxide and the gibbsite stage. The influence of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks on the chemical forms of heavy elements is mainly affected via newly produced components and minerals in the process of weathering-pedogenesis, e.g., iron oxide minerals and organic matters. The important mechanism for the mobilization, transport and pollution of F and As is affected the selective adsorption and desorption of F and As on the surface of iron oxide minerals in the subtropical karst zones, i.e., the selective adsorption and desorption on mineral surfaces of newly produced minerals in the process of weath     

西天山阿吾拉勒埃达克质岩石成因：Nd和Sr同位素组成的限制

西天山阿吾拉勒二叠纪钠质英安岩和钠长斑岩具有与埃达克岩一致的高Sr,低Y、Yb和Eu正异常等独特岩石地球化学特征。系统的Nd和Sr同位素组成研究表明，其（^143Nd/^144Nd)i为0．512384－0．512470，εNd(t)为正值（＋1．57－＋3．26）；（^87Sr/^86Sr)i为0．0751－0．7054，与本区同时代幔源玄武岩的Nd和Sr同位素组成特征相似，但与俯冲洋壳部分熔融成因埃达克岩的Nd和Sr同位素组成有显著区别。结合这些埃达克质岩石形成二叠纪后碰撞阶段构造背景，认为本区埃达克质岩浆最有可能由新底侵的玄武质下地壳在角闪岩相向榴辉岩相过渡或榴辉岩相的条件下部分熔融形成，是西天山晚古生代后碰撞阶段地幔玄武岩浆底侵作用和地壳垂向增生的重要岩石标志。     

宁芜火山岩的地球化学特征及其意义

宁芜早白垩世火山岩由中基性成分组成，与碱性玄武岩比较，火山岩贫Ti,Fe，富K和LREE，Na2O/K2O近似等于1，在SiO2-K2O图中龙王山组的全部和大王山组的大部落入橄榄玄粗岩区域，属于橄榄玄粗岩系列，为富集LILE和水的地幔部分熔融的产物。宁芜火山岩产于板内环境，富钾质岩浆的形成可能与软流圈地幔上涌和岩石圈的伸展－减薄或裂谷作用有关。宁芜火山岩富集大离子亲石元素，亏损高场强元素，Ti,Nb(Ta)具负异常。宁芜火山岩底部的龙王山组和主体大王山组具有不同的地球化学特征：与大王山组相比，前者更富Rb,Ba,K，而相对贫LREE（La,Ce,Nd),Eu,Sr,Isr较高，εNd(t)较低。由于龙王山组层位低，大王山组层位高，不可能解释为分离结晶作用的结果，而只能说明在火山岩喷发的早期阶段（龙王山组），岩浆穿过陆壳上升过程中与围岩发生过混染作用，从围岩中带入较多的K、Rb,Ba等大离子亲石元素，从而使得Isr较高和εNd(t)较低。龙王山组SiO2-K2O不具相关性也说明陆壳混染的影响。至宁芜火山岩喷发的极盛时期（大王山组），岩浆与围岩的混染程度降低，Isr和Nd(t)值更接近岩浆的初始组成。据了解，在长江中下游地区有许多晚中生代的埃达克质岩出露，埃达克质岩来自加厚的陆壳底部，需要很高的温度才能使下地壳基性岩发生部分熔融。宁芜一带火山岩的大规模喷出，表明在早白垩世初期该区地幔处于十分活跃的状态，可能有大量橄榄玄粗质岩浆底侵到下地壳底部，烘烤下地壳使之熔融形成埃达克质熔浆。     

华北克拉通北缘西段中元古代花岗岩类的特征及其形成构造环境

华北克拉通北缘西段中元古代花岗岩类仅见于查干础鲁－霍尔森构造带以南的雅布赖－巴音诺尔公构造带中，整体上受NEE向长寿命线性构造控制。据岩性可分为斜长花岗岩和石英闪长岩两类。斜长花岗岩为S型花岗岩，但具有向I型过渡的特征，富含Cr,Ni,SiO2,Al2O3，其均值分别为672μg/g，405μg/g,71.40%和14．93％。δEu值变化大，介于0．34和3．95之间，起源于幔源岩浆与壳源物质的混合。石英闪长岩为典型的I型花岗岩，其Cr,Ni含量的均值分别为220μg/g和162μg/g，类似于华南同熔型花岗岩。斜长花岗岩中的锆石U－Pb等时线上交年龄为1256Ma，代表了发生于华北克拉通北缘西段的一次构造－热事件。伴随这一构造－热事件，华北克拉通北缘西段发生拉伸裂解，进入拉张型过渡壳阶段。中元古代花岗岩类是这一构造热事件的重要产物。在这一构造－热事件中，推测查干础鲁－霍尔森一线地壳减薄最大，其北侧的宗乃山－沙拉扎山构造带因无同时代岩浆作用，为非火山型被动陆缘，南侧的雅布赖－巴音诺尔公构造带广泛发育了花岗岩类，镁铁质、超镁铁质侵入岩，以及火山－沉积组合，为火山型被动陆缘，二者构成被动陆缘“对”。     

土壤多样性及其测度--以海南岛不同母岩上发育的土壤为例

利用多样性理论与测度方法对我国海南岛地区不同母岩上发育土壤的类型多样性及其分布模式进行定量化分析和研究，结果表明：发育不同类型母岩上的土壤多样性指数从大到小依次为火成岩、沉积岩、松散沉积物和变质岩，其中以发育在滨海堆积物上的土壤的多样性指数最高，发育于流纹岩上的最低；不同类型的母岩上发育土壤的面积分布均不同程度地符合对数正态分布。     

The influence of Cenozoic tectonics on the groundwater-production capacity of fractured zones: a case study in Sao Paulo, Brazil

A new procedure is developed to correlate structural lineaments recognised through air-photo interpretation with subsurface fracture features that are associated with zones of high groundwater production in fractured-rock environments. The analysis approach is referred to as the homogeneous tectonic domain (HTD) method and involves correlating the lineament features of a given area with the orientation of the primary stress fields and fracture structures associated with the recent tectonic history that affected the region of study. The main premise of the method is that the most recent tectonic events in a given area have had the most significant influence on the nature of the existing fracture network and subsequently on the regional groundwater flow characteristics. A study site was selected within the state of S?o Paulo, Brazil, where a complex tectonic history dating back to Precambrian time has generated significant fracture porosity in the bedrock environment. The bedrock is heavily used in this area as a domestic and industrial aquifer. The most recent tectonic activity is associated with five distinct Cenozoic events that generated fracture features through both shear and extension stress fields. Due to the mode of formation, fracture zones generated by extension tend to have the largest effective apertures and are the most conductive to groundwater. By applying the HTD method in a series of test areas where specific Cenozoic events were dominant, fracture trends generated by shear and extension mechanisms could be identified. Water-well production capacity was correlated with proximity to extension-type structures in most cases. Other factors, such as the type of rock the well was completed in, had a much weaker influence on well capacity. Through this application, the HTD approach is shown to provide a methodology for delineating fractured areas within rock environments that have high potential for groundwater-resource development by combining classical lineament analysis with a clear understanding of the tectonic history of a given area. Electronic Publication     

Application of Stochastic Fracture Network with Numerical Fluid Flow Simulations to Groundwater Flow Modeling in Fractured Rocks

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太行-五台山区不同时代花岗岩类岩石学和地球化学的特征对比及陆壳演化

通过对太行－五台山区太古宙、元古宙和中生代等不同时代的花岗岩类岩石学和地球化学特征的对比，并将晚太古时期花岗岩类同国内外同时期花岗岩类进行对比，确定了本区晚太古时期花岗岩类岩石组合为英云闪长岩－奥长花岗岩－花岗闪长岩或英云闪长岩－奥长花岗岩－花岗闪长岩－花岗岩，并以奥长花岗岩演化趋势为主，叠加了部分钙碱性演化；而元古宙、中生代花岗岩类岩石组合则主要为花岗闪长岩－花岗岩或花岗岩，以钙碱性演化趋势为特征。可以认为晚太古时期的太行－五台山区正处于陆壳演化的初始阶段和成熟阶段之间的过渡性阶段。     

广西金牙金矿床中饱和烃丰度分布特征及其意义

对广西金牙金矿床的可溶有机质族组成和气相色谱分析表明，矿体饱和烃的丰度低于围岩，矿体与围岩总抽提物所气相色谱图亦明显不同，尤其是甲醇－丙酮－苯抽提物的区别更明显，矿体与围岩饱和烃丰度的差异为分析有机质在金矿形成过程中的作用提供了线索，对其意义进行了讨论。     

湖南石门中-下三叠统碳酸盐岩岩相组合及其沉积环境研究

首先将研究区中、下三叠统碳酸盐岩划分成２１种岩相，并分析了各种岩相的沉积条件．在此基础上，建立了９个岩相组合类型，讨论了每个岩相组合的沉积环境．最后概括总结了纵向上存在的４个沉积旋回的沉积演化特征及蒸发岩的主要沉积层位