Al基牺牲阳极的生物污损——“阳极苞”的解析

本文介绍了铝(Al)基牺牲阳极在青岛中港海鸥浮码头超期服役五年半的阴极保护情况。现场勘查结果发现少部分Al阳极是以"苞"状出现,暂命名为"阳极苞"。其外层为以苔藓虫(Bryozoa/Polyzoa)为主体的生物群落构成的具有一定强度的生物硬壳,内层为白色膏状物,暂命名为"阳极泥"。对生物硬壳进行了生物鉴定,利用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)测试其微观结构,红外光谱(infrared spectroscopy,IR)测定其化学组成,结果表明该生物硬壳由复杂的有机混合物组成,并且具有微米级多孔结构;对"阳极泥"进行了酸碱性测定、能谱分析(energy dispersive spectrometer, EDS)及X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)分析,结果表明"阳极泥"主要由铝的水合氧化物和污损生物的代谢产物及机体分解产物组成。在此基础上初步讨论了"阳极苞"的形成过程及其对阴极保护的影响。     

夏季珠江口及近岸海域悬浮颗粒物生物硅分析

2017年6月在珠江口及近岸海域61个站位采集了悬浮颗粒物生物硅(BSi,biogenic silica)和叶绿素a(Chl a)。利用RAGUENEAU et al(2005)提出的碱提取法测定了悬浮颗粒物生物硅,探讨不同环境条件下BSi浓度以及碱性提取液中岩源硅(LSi,lithogenic silica)的干扰程度。结果显示,Chl a质量浓度范围为0.06~8.64 μg·L^-1,悬浮颗粒物BSi浓度从低于检测限到14.3 μmol·L^-1,LSi浓度范围为0.00~9.56 μmol·L^-1;LSi/(LSi+BSi)比均值为0.38 mol·mol^-1。提取液中测得的Si/Al比均值为2.42 mol·mol^-1,与RAGUENEAU et al(2005)报道值接近。研究区域内的表层BSi反映了硅藻的生物量,与Chl a存在显著线性相关。LSi对BSi测量的干扰程度存在明显的空间差异,总体上近岸BSi和LSi高,LSi/(LSi+BSi)比低;外海BSi和LSi低,LSi/(LSi+BSi)比高;河口内BSi低,LSi高,LSi/(LSi+BSi)比高;上升流区BSi和LSi高,LSi/(LSi+BSi)比高;底层较表层具有更高的LSi和LSi/(LSi+BSi)比。最后,对常用的几种碱提取法在应用时存在的问题作了探讨。     

延安典型丹霞地貌景观特征及发育演化研究

本文是在延安典型丹霞地貌景观特征分析的基础上, 采用宇宙成因核素10Be和26Al技术获得暴露年龄和侵蚀速率, 研究“黄土覆盖型沟谷丹霞”地貌景观的演化历史。研究结果显示: 延安典型丹霞地貌的类型有狭缝式、石蘑菇式、天生桥式, 其中狭缝式丹霞的景观特征为“窄狭、多弯、韵律、多彩”, 同时也是典型的“黄土覆盖型沟谷丹霞”, 石蘑菇式丹霞造型奇特, 天生桥式丹霞地貌整体规模宏大, 这两者发育都严格受控于垂直节理和外力作用的侵蚀; 运用宇宙成因核素10Be和26Al技术, 计算获得志丹猫巷狭缝式丹霞地貌的暴露年代有两期, 分别为(0.75±18)~(0.83±0.14) ka和(1.14±13)~(1.29±0.30) ka, 安塞王家湾石蘑菇式丹霞地貌暴露年代为(1.76±0.45)~(1.77±0.15) ka, 这两处丹霞地貌暴露地表的年代都在全新世(Qh), 前者晚于后者, 地貌较年青; 运用宇宙成因核素10Be-26Al计算获得两处典型丹霞地貌侵蚀速率为(39±3.3)~(104±24.4) cm·ka–1, 与目前国内外学者研究地表和基岩得到的侵蚀速率对比, 这两处典型丹霞地貌的侵蚀速率较大, 结果还有待进一步研究; 延安典型丹霞地貌景观发育的演化始于白垩纪红层的堆积, 大致都经历了四个演化阶段, 初步揭示了地质构造、上覆黄土盖层以及流水等多种因素共同控制和影响延安典型丹霞地貌的形成, 演化阶段总体都处于青年晚期。     

东辛油田东营组LH断块储层非均质性研究

东辛油田东营组LH断块沉积微相、断层及流体性质等地质因素的复杂性造成储层具有强烈的非均质性,为了客观表征储层非均质性,不仅需要求取常规储层非均质参数,而且还需要对层内、层间及平面非均质参数进行求取,尤其对于夹层必须从识别标准、分类及分布等方面明确其对流体的控制作用,进而进行综合分析,为查明剩余油分布提供依据.     

太湖表层沉积物磷的吸附容量及其释放风险评估

利用沉积物磷吸附指数(PSI)和磷吸附饱和度(DIS)等指标来表征太湖表层沉积物的磷吸附容量,并探讨了太湖沉积物磷吸附容量的空间变化．研究发现：草酸铵提取的磷以及活性铁、铝氧化物含量在梅梁湾东北部至五里湖一带的沉积物中较高,而在太湖南部湖区相对较低,这主要是与附近城市污水的实际贡献有着密切关系;太湖沉积物的磷吸附指数大体上有着北高南低、西高东低的分布特征,而磷吸附饱和度分布与PSI恰有相反的特征;沉积物中磷的吸附容量可能主要受到无定形的铁和铝的氧化物控制,也受沉积物有机质含量的影响．初步确定了用磷吸附指数和磷吸附饱和度来表征的湖泊沉积物磷释放风险指数概念,并应用于对太湖沉积物磷诱发的富营养化风险的评估．     

渭河三阳川盆地最高级阶地的年代厘定及其对河谷发育的指示意义

青藏高原东缘水系的演化历史长期存在着重大争议,鉴于任一水系的形成演化都是通过主要河谷的发育及其不断延展与整合完成的,因此确定河谷发育的起始时代是研究水系演化的关键。本文针对渭河上游三阳川盆地最高级阶地形成时代的研究,发现李家小湾河流阶地砾石层的ESR年代为1.26±0.15 Ma和1.32±0.19 Ma,26Al/10Be埋藏年代为1.45±0.70 Ma和1.04±0.43 Ma,说明该段河谷形成于早更新世晚期。综合青藏高原东缘夷平面、剥蚀面与河流阶地的研究成果,推断该区现代河谷系列主要形成于1.2 Ma以后,河流平均下切速率较高,为0.1~0.32 m/ka,指示了中更新世以来该区快速的地表抬升与河谷发育过程;而其前少数地段的先成河谷下切速率介于0.04~0.29 m/ka之间,说明区域地势总体低平,地表过程以剥蚀夷平为主,即高原东缘的现今水系格局主要是第四纪期间构造和气候共同作用下河流侵蚀的产物。     

Preliminary study on the erratic exposure ages of Grove Mountains, East Antarctica

The first study of erratic boulder exposure ages in the Grove Mountains,interior Antarctica,indicates the two erratic boulders(060131-1 and 060131-2,collected from a typical nunataks,Zakharoff Ridge in the Grove Mountains) have 10Be minimum exposure ages of 1.24±0.11 Ma,1.37±0.12 Ma,and 26Al ages of 0.90±0.12 Ma,0.44±0.04 Ma,respectively.Meanwhile,another erratic boulder sample 060131-4,coming from vicinal ice surface,has 10Be and 26Al minimum exposure ages of 0.47±0.3 Ma and 0.44±0.04 Ma,respectively.The e...     

Spatio‐temporal evaluation of the groundwater quality in Kafr Al‐Zayat District,Egypt

Eighteen groundwater well sites located in Kafr Al‐Zayat (Egypt) were sampled monthly from January 2009 to November 2011 for microbial content, Mn⁺², Fe⁺², total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, NO₃^?, and turbidity. The data were analyzed combining the integrated use of factor and cluster analyses as well as the geostatistical semi‐variogram modeling. The prime objectives were to assess the groundwater suitability for drinking, to document the factors governing the spatio‐tempral variability, and to recognize distinctive groundwater quality patterns to help enable effective sustainability and proactive management of the limited resource. The groundwater microbial, Mn⁺², Fe⁺², TDS, and total hardness contents violated the drinking water local standards while the turbidity and the nitrate content complied with them. Factor analysis indicated that the microbial content is the most influential factor raising the variability potential followed, in decreasing order, by Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, TDS, NO₃^?, turbidity, and finally the total hardness. Turbidity resulting from urban and agricultural runoff was strongly associated with most of the quality parameters. Quality parameters fluctuate sporadically without concrete pattern in space and time while their variability scores peak in November every year. Three spatially distinctive quality patterns were recognized that were consistent with and affected by the cumulative effects of the local topography, depth to water table, thickness of the silty clay (cap layer), surface water, and groundwater flow direction and hence the recharge from contaminated surface canals and agricultural drains. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anatectic record and contrasting P–T paths of aluminous gneisses from the central Grenville Province

Anatectic aluminous gneisses, some derived from sedimentary rocks of broadly pelitic composition and others from hydrothermally altered felsic volcanic rocks, are exposed in the mid‐P and high‐P segments of the hinterland in the central Grenville Province. These gneisses consist dominantly of garnet, biotite, K‐feldspar, plagioclase and quartz, with sillimanite or kyanite, and display microstructural evidence of anatexis by fluid‐absent reactions consuming muscovite and/or biotite. Melt‐related microstructures, such as inter‐granular films and/or interstitial quartz or feldspar enclosing relict phases, are most abundant in the metasedimentary samples. Despite anatexis at granulite facies conditions, the hydrothermally altered rocks preserve earlier features attributed to the circulation of hydrothermal fluids, such as sillimanite seams, dismembered quartz veins and garnet‐rich aluminous nodules in a K‐feldspar‐dominated matrix. Microstructural and mineral chemical data, integrated with P–T pseudosections calculated with thermocalc for the metasedimentary rocks, permit qualitative constraints on the P–T paths. Data from a high‐P kyanite‐bearing sample are consistent with a steep prograde P–T path up to ~14.5 kbar and 860–900 °C, followed by decompression with minor cooling to the solidus at ~11 kbar and 870 °C. This pressure‐dominated P–T path is similar to those inferred in other parts of the high‐P segment in the central Grenville Province. In contrast, the P–T path predicted from a mid‐P sillimanite‐bearing paragneiss has a strong temperature gradient with P–T of ~9.5 kbar and 850 °C at the thermal peak, and a retrograde portion down to ~8 kbar and 820 °C. In a broad sense, these two contrasting P–T patterns are consistent with predictions of thermo‐mechanical modelling of large hot orogens in which P–T paths with strong pressure gradients exhume deeper rocks in the orogenic flanks, whereas P–T paths with strong temperature gradients in the orogenic core reflect protracted lateral transport of ductile crust beneath a plateau.     

考虑软弱夹层厚度的岩体力学响应及破坏特征研究

作为一种典型的地质结构,软弱夹层与硬脆性岩体共同形成了围岩层状复合结构,进而显著影响着隧洞围岩的稳定。以往对含软弱夹层的复合岩石的研究多集中于单轴、双轴或常规三轴,对隧洞临空面处真三轴应力路径下的复合围岩力学性质和破坏特征缺乏分析讨论。通过制作的含不同厚度的软弱夹层复合岩样,探讨了软弱夹层厚度对隧洞临空面围岩力学响应和破坏特征的影响。研究表明：软弱夹层厚度显著影响着复合岩样峰值应力和应变,随着厚度的增大,软弱夹层上方岩块向临空面方向的滑移变形逐渐增大,软弱夹层压缩变形逐渐减小;复合岩样靠近临空面的岩石单元破坏模式随着软弱夹层厚度的增大逐渐由拉剪混合破坏转变为张拉破坏,且宏观裂隙数量和破坏范围均逐渐减小,而远离临空面的岩石单元则由剪切破坏逐渐转变为基本无损伤断裂;不同厚度的隧洞侧帮复合围岩的破坏区域均集中在软弱夹层及其上方围岩处,软弱夹层下方围岩则基本保持稳定;在应力分布方面,软弱夹层厚度越大,最大压应力越向深部软弱夹层处转移,而拉应力区分布范围越小,但拉应力区深度越大。