Assessing non-steady-state erosion processes using paired 10Be–26Al in southeastern Tibet

Quantifying erosion rates over various spatial and temporal scales across the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding mountains is crucial to understanding the topographic evolution of the orogen. In this work, we report a new dataset of ¹⁰Be-derived basin-wide erosion rates from the main tributaries and streams draining the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. The 22 basin-wide erosion rates ranged from 78 ± 7 m Myear⁻¹ to 3,490 ± 612 m Myear⁻¹ across the study area. ²⁶Al was contemporarily measured to evaluate the impact of sediment storage and non-steady-state erosion processes in the syntaxis region. The paired study of ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al reveals that several samples violated the steady-state erosion assumption and were compatible with the scenario of perturbation of reworked sediments or deeply sourced materials introduced by landslides. For most samples, deep-sourced materials with higher ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be ratios were no longer perturbing the ¹⁰Be signals in river sediments. It is possible that the deep-sourced materials had been wiped out of the basins before the collection of samples in this work. However, the perturbation of reworked sediments was observed over a range of basin scales, limiting the use of a single sediment sample as a representative erosion product for upstream basins. Compared with tectonically stable regions, the incorporation of reworked fluvial sediments, deeply sourced materials or sub-glacial eroded materials into sampled sediments led to the decoupling between basin-wide erosion rates and topographic or climatic indices. Caution should be taken when deriving erosion rates from rapidly eroding regions with old, deeply buried sediments such as the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, where calculated erosion rates may be highly overestimated.     

宇生核素26Al/10Be埋藏测年法铝化学分析程序的改进

原地宇生核素26Al/10Be埋藏测年法是最近十多年涌现的测年新技术之一,广泛应用于地貌演化、古人类等研究领域,Al回收率及其纯度很大程度上决定着年代结果的精度.美国Purdue大学现用Al分离纯化程序有一些步骤尚待完善.本文通过条件实验,对该程序提出如下修改建议:①用38 ～ 75 μm阴离子交换树脂取代原用的75 ～ 150 μm树脂,以减少淋洗液(0.05 mol/L草酸-0.5 mol/L盐酸)体积并实现Al与主要干扰元素Fe、Ti的定量分离;②用阳离子交换法从草酸-盐酸中提取Al,以规避较为冗长的化学法破坏草酸.模拟样品的分析结果表明,经改进的两步骤可实现Al近于定量的回收,全流程Al回收率达91％-+5％,纯度为98％.     

Rotational–translational mechanism for the upper bound stability analysis of slopes with weak interlayer

The presence of a weak interlayer has usually an adverse effect on the slope stability. However, the rotational failure mechanism in the conventional upper bound limit analysis cannot rationally describe the sliding of the failure mass along the weak interlayer. Therefore, a new failure mechanism was proposed in this study to evaluate the stability of slopes with weak interlayers using the upper bound limit analysis and the associated factor of safety was determined by the shear strength reduction technique. The new failure mechanism is comprised of rigid blocks undergoing rotational or translational movements, instead of the rotational movement in the conventional failure mechanism. It has also been extended to the stability analysis of slopes in presence of stabilizing piles and pore water pressures. Case studies were carried out on actual slopes with weak interlayers. The proposed rotational–translational failure mechanism was verified by the shear strength reduction finite element method (SSRFEM). Comparisons demonstrate the reliability of limit analysis method with the proposed rotational–translational failure mechanism for slopes with weak interlayers and therefore it can be used as a simple evaluation method for the engineering design.     

Interpreting prograde-growth histories of Al2SiO5 triple-point rocks using oxygen-isotope thermometry: an example from the Truchas Mountains, USA

Oxygen‐isotope compositions of kyanite, andalusite, prismatic sillimanite and fibrolite from the Proterozoic terrane in the Truchas Mountains, New Mexico differ from one another, suggesting that these minerals did not grow in equilibrium at the Al₂SiO₅ (AS) polymorph‐invariant point as previously suggested. Instead, oxygen‐isotope temperature estimates indicate that growth of kyanite, andalusite and prismatic sillimanite occurred at c. 575, 615 and 640 °C respectively. Temperature estimates reported in this paper are interpreted as those of growth for the different AS polymorphs, which are not necessarily the same as peak metamorphic temperatures for this terrane. Two distinct temperature estimates of c. 580 °C and c. 700 °C are calculated for most fibrolite samples, with two samples yielding clear evidence of quartz‐fibrolite oxygen‐isotope disequilibrium. These data indicate that locally, and potentially regionally, oxygen‐isotope disequilibrium between quartz and fibrolite may have resulted from rapid fibrolite nucleation. Pressures of mineral growth that were extrapolated from oxygen‐isotope thermometry results and calculated using petrological constraints suggest that kyanite and one generation of fibrolite grew during M1 at 5 kbar, and that andalusite, prismatic sillimanite and a second generation of fibrolite grew during M2 at 3.5 kbar. M1 and M2 therefore represent two distinct metamorphic events that occurred at different crustal levels. The ability of the AS polymorphs to retain δ¹⁸O values of crystallization make these minerals ideal to model prograde‐growth histories of mineral assemblages in metamorphic terranes and to understand more clearly the pressure–temperature histories of multiple metamorphic events.     

考虑软弱夹层厚度的岩体力学响应及破坏特征研究

作为一种典型的地质结构,软弱夹层与硬脆性岩体共同形成了围岩层状复合结构,进而显著影响着隧洞围岩的稳定。以往对含软弱夹层的复合岩石的研究多集中于单轴、双轴或常规三轴,对隧洞临空面处真三轴应力路径下的复合围岩力学性质和破坏特征缺乏分析讨论。通过制作的含不同厚度的软弱夹层复合岩样,探讨了软弱夹层厚度对隧洞临空面围岩力学响应和破坏特征的影响。研究表明：软弱夹层厚度显著影响着复合岩样峰值应力和应变,随着厚度的增大,软弱夹层上方岩块向临空面方向的滑移变形逐渐增大,软弱夹层压缩变形逐渐减小;复合岩样靠近临空面的岩石单元破坏模式随着软弱夹层厚度的增大逐渐由拉剪混合破坏转变为张拉破坏,且宏观裂隙数量和破坏范围均逐渐减小,而远离临空面的岩石单元则由剪切破坏逐渐转变为基本无损伤断裂;不同厚度的隧洞侧帮复合围岩的破坏区域均集中在软弱夹层及其上方围岩处,软弱夹层下方围岩则基本保持稳定;在应力分布方面,软弱夹层厚度越大,最大压应力越向深部软弱夹层处转移,而拉应力区分布范围越小,但拉应力区深度越大。     

Preliminary study on the erratic exposure ages of Grove Mountains, East Antarctica

The first study of erratic boulder exposure ages in the Grove Mountains,interior Antarctica,indicates the two erratic boulders(060131-1 and 060131-2,collected from a typical nunataks,Zakharoff Ridge in the Grove Mountains) have 10Be minimum exposure ages of 1.24±0.11 Ma,1.37±0.12 Ma,and 26Al ages of 0.90±0.12 Ma,0.44±0.04 Ma,respectively.Meanwhile,another erratic boulder sample 060131-4,coming from vicinal ice surface,has 10Be and 26Al minimum exposure ages of 0.47±0.3 Ma and 0.44±0.04 Ma,respectively.The e...     

太湖表层沉积物磷的吸附容量及其释放风险评估

利用沉积物磷吸附指数(PSI)和磷吸附饱和度(DIS)等指标来表征太湖表层沉积物的磷吸附容量,并探讨了太湖沉积物磷吸附容量的空间变化．研究发现：草酸铵提取的磷以及活性铁、铝氧化物含量在梅梁湾东北部至五里湖一带的沉积物中较高,而在太湖南部湖区相对较低,这主要是与附近城市污水的实际贡献有着密切关系;太湖沉积物的磷吸附指数大体上有着北高南低、西高东低的分布特征,而磷吸附饱和度分布与PSI恰有相反的特征;沉积物中磷的吸附容量可能主要受到无定形的铁和铝的氧化物控制,也受沉积物有机质含量的影响．初步确定了用磷吸附指数和磷吸附饱和度来表征的湖泊沉积物磷释放风险指数概念,并应用于对太湖沉积物磷诱发的富营养化风险的评估．     

添加氧化铝对微生物修复裂缝影响的分析

微生物修复裂缝技术由于环保经济的特点被广泛关注,但修复效率因混凝土内碱性环境受到很大影响;开展提高该技术的修复效率与效果的研究具有重要意义。探究高碱性环境下Al2O3对微生物钙化的促进作用,然后添加Al2O3对不同裂缝宽度的混凝土试件进行修复,修复中检测浸出液pH值与尿素含量,修复后通过声时值、碳酸钙生成效率、无侧限抗压强度等指标评价修复效果。结果表明：Al2O3能够降低碱性环境对细菌活性的抑制,提升其脲酶活性与碳酸钙转化效率。添加Al2O3使试件浸出液pH值从12降为9,pH值为9时更适合菌种的繁殖,尿素利用率显著提升到81%,提高了碳酸钙的产出率,明显缩短修复时间。添加Al2O3修复试件的声时值接近无裂缝试件,明显优于无添加试件。添加Al2O3后2 mm裂缝试件的碳酸钙生成率为77.32%,远高过无添加试件的20.98%。添加Al2O3修复试件强度恢复远高于无添加Al2O3修复试件,且强度恢复随裂缝宽度减小而增加。因此,混凝土修复过程中添加Al2O3能有效提高修复效率,减少修复时间,为后续实际工程中微生物快速高效修复裂缝提供重要参考。     

The distribution of solute processes on an acid hillslope and the delivery of solutes to a stream: II. Exchangeable Al3+

In order to identify the distribution of aluminium (Al) within an acid hillslope and its release to a stream, the spatial distribution of acid ammonium oxalate extractable Al (Al_o) and exchangeable Al³⁺ have been investigated on a podzolized hillslope in Bicknoller Combe, Somerset, UK. The eluviated Al from topsoils is mainly deposited in the lower soil horizons forming podzolic B horizons, but some Al flows downslope carried by lateral throughflow. Al oxides may provide the main source of exchangeable Al³⁺ on the study slope due to high soil acidity. Examination of the spatial distribution of exchangeable Al³⁺ suggests that the slope hollow, where active convergent throughflow occurs, and the saturation wedge at the base of the slope are the main delivery routes of dissolved Al³⁺ to the stream. Divalent base cations (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺), supplied from atmospheric input and organic decomposition and carried by throughflow, exchange Al³⁺ via cation exchange reactions under high water content. Laterally illuviated Al oxides in the lower hollow adjacent to the saturation wedge probably provide a pool for continuous delivery of Al either as soluble or complexed forms to the stream via the saturated wedge. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.