Monitoring of small and medium embankment dams on permafrost in a changing climate

Global climate warming which began in the second half of the twentieth century is continuing. It is associated with increased risks for ecological management, especially in permafrost areas comprising over 65% of Russia. Of special concern are dams constructed on permafrost. They are subject not only to climatic impacts, but also to additional hydrothermal loads from water reservoirs. This paper presents the concept of geocryological monitoring of dams and other water resource projects and substantiates its necessity in view of climatic change. It also presents methods, scope and implementation of geocryological monitoring at medium and small dams, considering the specific nature of Far Northern areas, as well as the complicated geotechnical, hydrogeological and permafrost conditions.     

Runoff and water erosion modelling using WEPP on a Mediterranean cultivated catchment

Soil erosion due to water is a major environmental problem in many parts of the world. Most of Mediterranean countries are concerned because of their specific climate and soils sensitivity, but also because of the recent intensification of human activities and agricultural practices. Accurate estimation of soil water erosion for various land-use and climate scenarios is so an important key to define sustainable management policies. In the last decades, several studies have been carried out to build models suitable for quantifying soil erosion. Among these models, the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP, Flanagan, D.C., Nearing, M.A., 1995. USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Project: Hillslope profile and watershed model documentation. NSERL Report 10, USDA-ARS National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory, West Lafayette, IN, USA.) is a physically based, distributed-parameter model that has been developed and mainly validated in USA. Only few studies have investigated its applicability to environmental conditions that differs from those where the model was developed. The aim of this work is to test the efficiency of WEPP model to predict soil erosion at catchment scale in a Mediterranean semi-arid area. Continuous simulations have been conducted between 1995 and 2002 on an cultivated experimental catchment located upstream from a hill reservoir (Kamech catchment, 2.45 km², Cap Bon, Tunisia) where runoff and soil erosion measurements are available at the outlet. Comparison between predictions and measurements shows significant differences. Processes related to seasonal effects (as cracking soils) are pointed out as a weakness of WEPP model for Mediterranean conditions.     

GIS应用中海量地图数据的组织

结合地图数据中坐标系的选择、多幅地图管理及DEM处理等问题 ,介绍了一种在GIS应用中管理海量地图数据的方法 ,采用这种方法可以使图幅接边、DEM处理等问题大大简化。     

如何利用计算机技术进行地图投影变换

在目前流行的计算机制图中，必须面对如何解决使用不同投影的地图资料的问题，本文从实际应用的角度出发，介绍并讨论解决方法及应用手段。     

海南省三亚市的生态环境建设

三亚市位于海南岛最南部，具有得天独厚的生态环境优势。近20年来，生态环境建设虽取得初步成效，但问题也较突出，如林业尚存隐患，耕地锐减，水域受蚕食和局部环境恶化，城市绿化美化不足等。生态环境建设面临的任务主要是：合理布局城镇，建设具有经济－生态良性循环的城乡体系；完善林业生态体系建设，建成强有力的陆地生态支柱；保护好水体环境，搞好碧水工程建设；保护耕地、保证农业持续发展；整治环境，提高环境质量。为此必须采取相应措施。     

森林冠层影响降雪截留过程的研究进展

森林冠层对降雪的截留和冠层截留雪的蒸发/升华、散落释放、融化滴落等过程显著影响了北方森林区域的水文循环,开展森林冠层对降雪截留过程影响的研究对于季节性积雪森林区域的气候变化、森林经营、森林火灾以及植被演替具有重要的科学意义。对当前的森林冠层影响降雪截留过程的观测方法和理论机制进行了深入探讨和总结,并针对现有研究中缺乏林分尺度和水平过程的研究等问题,提出了引入遥感技术等先进的研究方法以及开展多尺度、多过程和多因素的交叉研究是今后研究中的重点方向。     

2015年7月3日新疆皮山M_S6.5级地震震害特征分析

2015年7月3日新疆皮山M_S6.5级地震灾区地处塔里木盆地南缘,该地自然条件恶劣,经济极为落后,灾区农村的民房除了抗震安居工程建设的房屋外,还有大量抗震性能较差的民居,在地震中受损严重,经济损失较大。灾区大部分位于山前溢出带,地下水位浅、地基土层软弱等场地条件对地震动有放大作用,震害影响范围较大。灾后重建中应继续加大安居富民工程的经费投入力度。灾区北部人口密集,地基土层软弱,工程地质条件差,建议在今后的安居富民建设中加强地基处理。     

中国大陆科学钻探终孔及研究进展

中国大陆科学钻探工程经过1309天的努力奋斗，于2005年1月23日，钻井终孔深度达到5118．20m。成为中国钻探技术发展的新里程碑。全面研究正在开展，在巨量物质深俯冲、超高压深俯冲与折返的精确定年、超高压岩石的原岩形成背景、上地幔流变学、地幔特殊新矿物发现、地下流体异常及地下微生物发现等方面已取得重要进展。     

江西泰和县森林生态系统水源涵养功能评估

森林生态系统综合水源涵养能力是林冠层、枯落物层和土壤层蓄水能力的总和。本文根据江西泰和县 2003 年森林资源二类调查,结合文献收集,从3 个作用层评估了泰和县森林生态系统的水源涵养量及其空间分布格局,比较了不同森林类型、林龄、海拔、坡度下的林冠降雨截留能力,枯落物最大持水量和土壤蓄水能力。结果表明,林冠层平均截留率为16.31%,枯落物层持水率为2.14%,土壤层蓄水率为81.55%,3 个层次总截留和蓄水量为1.41 亿m³。各种森林类型水源涵养量由大到小依次为：杉木林>马尾松林>湿地松林>阔叶林>毛竹林>灌木林> 混交林>经济林。幼林龄、中林龄、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林水源涵养贡献率分别为17.58%、65.39%、14.18%、 2.48%和0.37%,涵养水源能力随林龄的增加而增加。空间上,泰和县森林生态系统的综合水源涵养力表现出从东西两侧向中部递减的分布。不同立地条件下林分的合理经营与管理对于整个森林生态系统水源涵养功能的发挥具有重要的作用。     

浅谈项目投资失败的原因及对策

地勘单位在向企业化经营转变的过程中 ,投资兴办了许多企业 ,但不少项目以失败告终。文章分析探讨了失败的原因 ,并提出相应的对策