21世纪西南岩溶石漠化演变特点及影响因素

文章通过分析西南岩溶地区石漠化面积遥感调查结果和相关统计资料,揭示了21世纪以来石漠化时空演变特征和影响因素。2015年,我国西南岩溶地区石漠化总面积降至9.2万km2,石漠化演变的总趋势由21世纪以前的加剧变化为21世纪的逐渐减缓,而且,西南岩溶区石漠化程度显著变轻,由21世纪初的以重、中度石漠化为主演变为以轻、中度石漠化为主,危害最大的重度石漠化面积比例由38.08%降至15.31%,说明石漠化趋势得到有效遏制。但石漠化演变存在较大的区域差异,主要与国家实施植被修复工程力度、影响植被恢复的岩溶地貌类型、地下水开发程度、雨水资源以及区域经济条件密切相关。植被建设规划面积与石漠化减少面积成正比,生态经济条件相对较好的峰林平原和溶丘洼地石漠化治理效果最好,地下水开发和比较丰沛的雨量可有力促进植被恢复和经济发展,居民贫困化可使石漠化恶化。      

新生代亚洲形变与海陆相互作用

在现今各个大陆中, 亚洲经历的新生代形变最强. 白垩纪到老第三纪时的亚洲大陆, 不仅面积较今为小, 而且形态偏瘦"; 自从始新世印度与亚洲碰撞之后, 亚洲的面积与高度急剧增大. 随着青藏高原隆升和边缘海的张裂, 东亚原来西倾的地势发生倒转, 形成了从大陆中央隆升区向周围辐射的亚洲大河流系. 亚洲隆升有可能是北极冰盖形成与发展的重要因素, 因为隆升不仅改变大气环流、加剧风化作用, 而且还使西伯利亚河系改向北流, 通过注入北冰洋的淡水促使海水结冰、导致冰盖形成. 新生代亚洲形变, 也使得亚洲季风系统在早中新世形成, 又在约8 Ma与约3 Ma时强化. 同时, 西太平洋边缘海系列的形成, 也改变了亚洲大陆与太平洋之间的物质与能量的交换. 流经边缘海的太平洋西部边界流, 对于洋面升降和构造运动极为敏感, 在冰期低海面时边界流位于边缘海之外, 使大洋输向大陆的热量和水分大为减少. 今天, 亚洲与太平洋之间的能流与物流最为活跃, 可惜亚洲在全球气候环境演变中的重要性至今未能获得学术界的充分认识.      

泥石流汇流槽可靠度分析

汇流槽是泥石流治理工程中常用的工程措施之一。文章基于汇流槽的倾倒破坏、滑移破坏及地基破坏模式，通过对汇流槽设计影响强烈的岩土参数、几何特征、荷载因素等敏感因子的求解方法及分布特征分析，从汇流槽的抗倾稳定、抗滑稳定和基底应力要求三方面建立极限状态方程。对于每个极限状态方程，在泰勒级数对非线性极限状态方程线性化后，运用一次二阶矩的理论，先假定失效点P^＊，求解出相应的均值和方差。然后根据可靠的定义，得到相应的可靠度指标，通过迭代法求解真正失效点的可靠度指标βi。最后根据3个状态方程相互独立的假定，得出整个结构的可靠度指标β。该方法在平川泥石流防治工程中得到了成功的运用。这对于可靠度设计方法在泥石流防治工程中的运用进行了有益的探讨。     

围岩蚀变过程中地球化学组份质量迁移计算——以湖南沃溪Au-Sb-W矿床为例

在以往围岩蚀变的质量迁移研究基础上,本文提出了一种判定惰性元素的方法,同时结合等浓度线和加权最小二乘法,给出研究热液围岩蚀变中组分质量迁移的计算方法。在判定惰性元素时,更多地应用了线性回归分析中的方差分析与回归诊断参数与计算方法。这一系列的参数与方法被用于评述沃溪金锑钨矿床褪色化围岩蚀变质量迁移,取得了较好的效果。研究表明,在沃溪矿床围岩蚀变过程中,Ｔｉ表出现了一定的活动性。     

Sensitivity analysis of support safety factor for predicting the effects of contributing parameters on roof falls in underground coal mines

Roof falls accounted for 18.18% of all fatal accidents in Indian coal mines, contributing about 35.29% of all fatal accidents in below-ground operations in 2005. The support safety factor, always preferred in support planning and design of underground coal mines, may be an important predictor for roof falls. In this paper, geotechnical data were collected from 14 roof fall incident places in an underground coal mine, located in the Eastern India, which has bord and pillar method of workings. The mean value of probabilistic support safety factor for the case study mine was found to be 1.24. However, the probability, of the estimated support safety factor of less than or equal to one, was found to be 0.246. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to analyze the effects of the contributing parameters on support safety factor and the likelihood of the roof fall. The multi-variate regression analysis was carried out for the data generated by Monte Carlo method to correlate the contributing factors to support safety factor. It ranked gallery width as the first parameter to control the support safety factor.     

Integrating diverse methods to understand climate-land interactions in East Africa

The questions of how land use change affects climate, and how climate change affects land use, require examination of societal and environmental systems across space at multiple scales, from the global climate to regional vegetative dynamics to local decision making by farmers and herders. It also requires an analysis of causal linkages and feedback loops between systems. These questions and the conceptual approach of the research design of the Climate-Land Interaction Project (CLIP) are rooted in the classical human-environment research tradition in Geography.This paper discusses a methodological framework to quantify the two-way interactions between land use and regional climate systems, using ongoing work by a team of multi-disciplinary scientists examining climate-land dynamics at multiple scales in East Africa. East Africa is a region that is undergoing rapid land use change, where changes in climate would have serious consequences for people’s livelihoods, and requiring new coping and land use strategies. The research involves exploration of linkages between two important foci of global change research, namely, land use/land cover (LULC) and climate change. These linkages are examined through modeling agricultural systems, land use driving forces and patterns, the physical properties of land cover, and the regional climate. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are being used to illustrate a diverse pluralism in scientific discovery.     

Mechanism for the rapid motion of the Qianjiangping landslide during reactivation by the first impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam reservoir, China

The first impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam reservoir in China started from a water surface elevation of 95 m on June 1, 2003 and reached 135 m on June 15, 2003. Shortly after the water level reached 135 m, many slopes began to deform and some landslides occurred. The Qianjiangping landslide is the largest one; it occurred on the early morning of July 14, 2003 and caused great loss of lives and property. Field investigation revealed that, although failure occurred after the reservoir reached 135 m, the stability of the slope was already reduced by preexisting sheared bedding planes. To study the mechanism of the rapid motion of this reactivated landslide, two soil samples were taken from a yellow clay layer and a black silt layer in the sliding zone, respectively, and a series of ring shear tests were conducted on the samples. One series of ring shear tests simulates the creep deformation behavior, while the other series simulates different shear rates. Conclusions drawn from analysis of the ring shear tests indicate that the mechanism of the rapid motion of the reactivated landslide was caused by the rate effect of the black silt layer during the motion phase after the creep failure. The yellow clay layer did not play any important role in the rapid motion in the 2003 event.     

Modeling of water–rock interactions in an aquitard of sandy clay in the coastal area near Beihai,China

Unconsolidated sand, gravel and clay deposits near Beihai and in the Leizhou Peninsula in southern China form an unconfined aquifer, aquitard and a confined aquifer. Water and soil samples were collected from the two aquifers in the coastal Beihai area for the determination of chemical compositions, minerals and soluble ions. Hydrogeochemical modeling of three flow paths through the aquitard are carried out using PHREEQC to determine water–rock interactions along the flow paths. The results indicate that the dissolution of anorthite, fluorite, halite, rhodochrosite and CO₂, and precipitation of potash feldspar and kaolinite may be occurring when groundwater leaks through the aquitard from the unconfined aquifer to the confined aquifer. Cation exchanges between Na and Ca can also happen along the flow paths.     

火山岩风化体储层控制因素研究—以三塘湖盆地石炭系卡拉岗组为例

针对火山岩风化壳储层控制因素和成因复杂的难题,以三塘湖盆地石炭系卡拉岗组为例,在搞清晚石炭世构造环境和岩性特征基础上,提出风化淋滤和断裂改造是火山岩风化壳形成有利储层的主要控制因素.不同火山岩岩性经风化淋滤后储层物性均增大并能形成有利储层,储集层孔隙类型以次生溶蚀孔隙和裂缝为主,具双峰分布特征.建立了5层结构模型,并提...     

黎平古邦金矿区控矿因素及找矿方向

通过对古邦金矿区控矿因素即地层、构造及岩相古地理研究,认为区内南华系长安组含金较高,为金成矿提供一定的物源;矿区金矿化类型为构造蚀变岩型、石英薄脉型金矿;区内南华系长安组为一套冰期—间冰期沉积,其地层岩性对区内金成矿具专属性;该区劈理密集带内发育有断裂构造的（构造蚀变带）明显地控制了金矿化体的展布;呈密集的陡倾斜压剪性...