中国能源管治透视(英文)

本文分析了中国能源管理体制,揭示了可能影响中国未来能源部门演变趋势的诸多主要特征。一方面,中国能源管理的嵌入式体制是植根于中国四千多年的悠久历史和发源于中国农田水利制度;另一方面,现有的体制环境分析表明:上述深深固化的价值观影响着政府架构和法律体系的运作,也为能源部门的决策和实施提供了指导框架。当今世界,无论中国国内还是国外所发生的各种事件共同决定了能源在国家政府的政策行动中地位高低,以此同时,政府也观察世界各国并寻找新的策略,应对能源领域中各种新的或旧的挑战。     

Climate adaptation,local institutions,and rural livelihoods: A comparative study of herder communities in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia,China

Climate variability has been evident on the Mongolian plateau in recent decades. Livelihood adaptation to climate variability is important for local sustainable development. This paper applies an analytical framework focused on adaptation, institutions, and livelihoods to study climate adaptation in the Mongolian grasslands. A household survey was designed and implemented in each of three broad vegetation types in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia. The analytical results show that livelihood adaptation strategies of herders vary greatly across the border between Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. Local institutions played important roles in shaping and facilitating livelihood adaptation strategies of herders. Mobility and communal pooling were the two key categories of adaptation strategies in Mongolia, and they were shaped and facilitated by local communal institutions. Storage, livelihood diversification, and market exchange were the three key categories of adaptation strategies in Inner Mongolia, and they were mainly shaped and facilitated by local government and market institutions. Local institutions enhanced but also at times undermined adaptive capacity of herder communities in the two countries, but in different ways. Sedentary grazing has increased livelihood vulnerability of herders to climate variability and change. With grazing sedentarization, the purchase and storage of forage has become an important strategy of herders to adapt to the highly variable climate. The multilevel statistical models of forage purchasing behaviors show that the strategies of livestock management, household financial capital, environmental (i.e., precipitation and vegetation growth) variability, and the status of pasture degradation were the major determinants of this adaptation strategy.     

1980年以来中国高等地理教育机构的发展：类型、增长与分布演变

为了厘清中国高等地理教育机构发展脉络,论文基于多种类型资料,梳理了1980—2021年中国高等地理教育机构的专业、沿革、停办数据,从类型、增长、分布3个层面讨论其发展过程,并探讨其当前主要问题。研究发现,近40余年中国高等地理教育机构发展有如下特征：① 主要分布在科研机构和高校中,且高校涉及综合、师范、工程与矿业等11类高校;② 地理学专业数量及其在机构中地位的差异使之有必要区分学科机构与专业机构;③ 数量增长包括1980—1998年稳定增长、1999—2009年快速增长、2010—2021年波动增长3个阶段,并主要受高校地理院系增长的影响,不同阶段不同类型高校地理院系增长又有差异;④ 分布演变可分为与数量增长时段相一致的省级稳定扩展、省级与地市级双轨快速扩展、省级与地市级双轨缓慢扩展3个阶段,不同类型机构空间分布及扩展态势也存在差异。当前中国高等地理教育机构已形成学科机构为主体、专业机构为扩展翼的发展态势,但有必要加强学科认同和学科共同体建设,以避免多样化发展可能引起的误解,改变仍然存在的高校学科院系“名实不符”现象,降低高校专业院系停办风险。     

基于GIS的县级市医疗机构空间可达性分析——以福建省石狮市为例

基于福建省石狮市行政区划及交通网络图,结合石狮市2008年末人口分布数据以及最近的医疗机构相关数据,运用最近就医距离模型、潜能模型及改进的潜能模型3个空间可达性模型,利用GIS技术和空间可达性指标评估医疗机构空间分布的合理性,详细分析了石狮市镇级以上医疗机构的空间布局.结果显示:石狮市医疗机构分布偏东西方向集中,南北分布的蚶江镇、永宁镇医疗资源缺少,总体分布不均衡.研究认为,利用改进的潜能模型,选择合适的阻抗系数能得出更加合理的空间可达性指标,突出空间可达性差异问题,可为医疗机构的空间格局优化提供参考,并为医疗卫生事业改革中设施规划和资源分配提供重要依据.     

Strategic coupling in ‘next wave cities’: Local institutional actors and the offshore service sector in the Philippines

The outsourcing and offshoring of services to developing countries has created new opportunities for economic development for countries in the global South. This paper looks at the scope for agency of local institutional actors in the investment attraction of business process outsourcing companies. Drawing on empirical work from the Philippines, an analysis of the process of integrating lower‐tier cities into global service production networks is presented. Specifically, the roles of local institutional actors in facilitating FDI attraction and strategically coupling local assets with the needs of multinational service corporations are discussed. Two contrasting cases, the cities of Baguio and Bacolod, show that considerable scope for intervention rests with local institutional actors. The findings have implications for policymaking and research concerned with the newest phase of outsourcing and offshoring in developing countries.     

Unpredictable Outcomes in Forestry—Governance Institutions in Practice

Community forest management in the Amazon has been subject to institutional changes because of a shift from government to governance. Although these changes aim to create opportunities for local communities, the effectiveness of new institutions remains arbitrary. In particular, the unpredictability of legislative outcomes—as one of the institutional changes—evokes discussion on how local people respond to new institutions. This article analyzes the effects of forest institutions at the local level. By using the concept of institutional bricolage, the article argues that institutions in practice work differently than intended.     

社会文化制度对门禁社区发展的影响——中国和荷兰的对比研究

作为后现代城市主义的典型空间形态,门禁社区在全球的蔓延引起了学界的广泛关注。当前对门禁社区发展机制的探讨主要集中于全球性宏观社会环境和消费者需求的层面,但对供给方的推动和制约因素关注不够。本文从制度视角出发,以中国和荷兰为案例,分析了门禁社区发展的异同,并具体从住房开发政策过程、历史传统和价值观两方面去理解和解释产生这种差异的原因。研究既是对从供给角度研究门禁社区的补充和拓展,同时也显示了本土制度环境解释人文地理学问题的必要性和重要性。指出在借鉴西方理论理解中国城市空间结构和社会变迁问题的同时,也不可忽视中国自身历史文化因素和社会制度背景。     

地勘单位改革所面临的困境及对宁夏煤田地质局的影响

宁夏煤田地质局作为宁夏回族自治区唯一专业从事煤田地质勘查的单位,由于历史背景、区域特点的差异．与全国各地质勘查单位相比,在改革进程中所面临的问题,除人才缺乏、资金紧张、资产有限等共性问题外．还有许多个体差异,这些因素严重制约着宁夏煤田局做大做强及可持续发展。参照内蒙、广东和陕西三省地勘单位的改革经验,认为地勘单位企业化改革不能等同于地勘行业的改革．地勘单位企业化改革的成败与事企及产权明晰程度有关,长期积累的顽症决定了事转企的改革具有阶段性、差异性。宁夏煤田地质局的事转企改革与可持续发展应在宽松的矿政环境及优惠政策下推进,并创造条件向产业链中的高利润产业拓展。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.