Statistical facies classification from multiple seismic attributes: comparison between Bayesian classification and expectation–maximization method and application in petrophysical inversion

We present here a comparison between two statistical methods for facies classifications: Bayesian classification and expectation–maximization method. The classification can be performed using multiple seismic attributes and can be extended from well logs to three‐dimensional volumes. In this work, we propose, for both methods, a sensitivity study to investigate the impact of the choice of seismic attributes used to condition the classification. In the second part, we integrate the facies classification in a Bayesian inversion setting for the estimation of continuous rock properties, such as porosity and lithological fractions, from the same set of seismic attributes. The advantage of the expectation–maximization method is that this algorithm does not require a training dataset, which is instead required in a traditional Bayesian classifier and still provides similar results. We show the application, comparison, and analysis of these methods in a real case study in the North Sea, where eight sedimentological facies have been defined. The facies classification is computed at the well location and compared with the sedimentological profile and then extended to the 3D reservoir model using up to 14 seismic attributes.     

Predictive optimal control for seismic analysis of non-linear and hysteretic structures

In this paper, an effective active predictive control algorithm is developed for the vibration control of non-linear hysteretic structural systems subjected to earthquake excitation. The non-linear characteristics of the structural behaviour and the effects of time delay in both the measurements and control action are included throughout the entire analysis (design and validation). This is very important since, in current design practice, structures are assumed to behave non-linearly, and time delays induced by sensors and actuator devices are not avoidable. The proposed algorithm focuses on the instantaneous optimal control approach for the development of a control methodology where the non-linearities are brought into the analysis through a non-linear state vector and a non-linear open-loop term. An autoregressive (AR) model is used to predict the earthquake excitation to be considered in the prediction of the structural response. A performance index that is quadratic in the control force and in the predicted non-linear states, with two additional energy related terms, and that is subjected to a non-linear constraint equation, is minimized at every time step. The effectiveness of the proposed closed-open loop non-linear instantaneous optimal prediction control (CONIOPC) strategy is presented by the results of numerical simulations. Since non-linearity and time-delay effects are incorporated in the mathematical model throughout the derivation of the control methodology, good performance and stability of the controlled structural system are guaranteed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

快速测量非饱和土渗透系数的湿润锋前进法适用性研究

非饱和土渗透系数函数是非饱和土体渗流分析中必不可少的参数。然而非饱和土渗透系数函数测量非常困难,其中稳态法测量范围过于狭小,而瞬时截面法耗时动辄数月,难以应用。为此,提出了湿润锋前进法,有望在一周内测得渗透系数函数。采用数值模拟手段检验湿润锋前进法的测量精度和适用范围。数值模拟结果显示：对于砂土、粉土、黏土,湿润锋前进法得到的渗透系数函数均与输入的理论渗透曲线一致,但测量范围限于高吸力范围（大于进气值）。此外,还采用瞬时截面法计算了渗透系数函数,结果表明：瞬时截面法计算的渗透系数在理论渗透曲线附近波动,其精度取决于监测截面的间距,间距越大,精度越低。在给出的20、60、100 mm这3种间距中,20 mm间距时计算得到的渗透系数精度最高,但与湿润锋前进法的精度仍有一定差距。因此,湿润锋前进法是一种可靠的能够快速得到渗透系数函数的测量手段。     

Nonlocal period parameters of frequency content characterization for near-fault ground motions

This paper focuses on the frequency property analysis of near-fault ground motions with and without distinct pulses, separately from the Chi-Chi and Northridge earthquakes. Ten scalar period parameters of ground motions, especially several nonlocal period parameters, are considered. Two new nonlocal parameters, namely the mean period of Hilbert marginal spectrum (T_mh) and the improved characteristic period (T_gi), are suggested. Moreover, comprehensive comparison and analysis indicate that T_mh, T_gi and T_avg (average spectral period) can distinguish the low-frequency components of near-fault ground motions; T_m (mean period of Fourier amplitude spectrum) and T_o (smoothed spectral predominant period) represent the moderate- and high-frequency components, respectively. The variance coefficient of predominant instantaneous frequency of Hilbert spectrum (H_cov) can be regarded as an alternative index to measure the non-stationary degree of near-fault ground motions. Finally, the velocity pulses and earthquake magnitude remarkably affect the frequency parameters of near-fault ground motions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

空基下视时序影像瞬时成像模型研究

物方空间的物体随着时间的推移进行着绝对运动,运动导致了相对位置的变化,时间序列影像记录了物方三维空间的动态变化。本文基于下视时间序列影像的动态特性,在共线方程中引入时间元素,提出了空基下视时间序列影像瞬时成像模型,描述了动态“物像”间的瞬时投影关系;针对地表不同类型动态物体,构建了“由像到物”的应用模型,实现了从像方动态特征计算地表物体特征的目的。通过仿真和真实航空下视序列影像的试验与分析,验证了序列影像瞬时成像模型能够定量计算像地动态特征。     

海岛岸线遥感立体测图精细测量方法

提出了一种海岛岸线遥感测图精细测量新方法,该方法直接基于理论定义的海岸线,利用航空影像瞬时水涯线数据在立体测图环境中提取瞬时水位高程;利用海岛周边精密海潮模型和瞬时水位高程推算海岛岸线高程;最后依据海岛岸线高程,采用立体测图方法测制海岛岸线的平面位置。该方法确保了海岛岸线成果的唯一性和连续性,适合大比例尺的大陆海岸线和海岛岸线测量。测试结果显示,在较高精度海潮模型和海面地形支持下,海岛岸线高程精度优于0.2 m,可满足1：2000测图要求。     

瞬时偏振滤波技术压制X分量中的面波(英文)

瑞雷面波与体波在偏振上的差异使得利用偏振特征分离这两种波场成为可能。为克服滑动时窗法在应用中存在的一些问题,本文将工程地震和天然地震信号分析中的复数道技术与瞬时偏振分析技术引进到能源领域多分量地震勘探转换波记录中的面波压制处理。理论模拟与野外实测数据的处理试验显示了较好的压制面波、保留有效信号的去噪效果,证明了该技术值得在多分量数据处理中推广应用。     

基于响应面法的高堆石坝瞬变-流变参数反演方法

如何准确确定原级配堆石体的力学参数是高堆石坝建设中亟待解决的一个关键问题,参数反演是解决这一问题的可行方法之一,传统的参数反演方法因需要进行大量的有限元正分析,其计算工作量大,反演效率较低。响应面法可以有效克服以上问题,但已有方法仅针对堆石体的瞬变参数,未考虑流变参数,不能满足堆石坝长期变形预测的需要。综合考虑瞬变和流变参数,通过构造更加合理的响应面函数,提出了基于响应面法的高堆石坝瞬变-流变材料参数反演方法,大大提高了反演的效率和精度。以水布垭面板堆石坝为例,采用该方法对坝体瞬变和流变参数进行了反演分析。反演结果表明,计算值与实测值在数值和变化规律上总体符合较好,反演结果合理可靠且更加高效。     

遥感图谱认知理论与计算

近年来,随着对地观测技术的迅猛发展,卫星遥感领域逐渐进入了大数据时代。针对当前遥感应用的需求和特点,开展与视觉认知相结合的高分辨率遥感认知理论与方法研究是可行且必要的。在此背景下,受地学信息图谱思想启发,本文对遥感认知领域的图谱问题进行了研究,系统地提出了遥感图谱认知理论与计算方法论,旨在规范高分辨率遥感信息提取流程,构建精细化、定量化、智能化、综合化相结合的遥感信息解译模型。整套方法体系由横向“自底向上的分层抽象”和纵向“自顶向下的知识迁移”2个方向上的认知计算组成,分别对应了“由谱聚图”、“图谱协同”和“认图知谱”3大图谱转化过程。论文对涉及的概念、基本思想、关键技术及难点问题进行了重点分析,强调综合利用大数据、逐步融入知识来实现不同层次的遥感认知,以期为数据源极大丰富条件下的遥感信息解译提供新的视角。