3-D velocity images of the crust and upper mantle of the Tianshan area

（胥颐，朱介寿，刘志坚，张华卿，朱燕）３－ＤｖｅｌｏｃｉｔｙｉｍａｇｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｃｒｕｓｔａｎｄｕｐｐｅｒｍａｎｔｌｅｏｆｔｈｅＴｉａｎｓｈａｎａｒｅａ￥ＹｉＸＵ；Ｊｉｅ－ＳｈｏｕＺＨＵ；Ｚｈｉ－ＪｉａｎＬＩＵ；Ｈｕａ－ＱｉｎｇＺＨＡＮＧａｎｄＹａ...     

年降水量序列非均一性检验方法探讨

使用我国４００余站１９５１－１９９０年年降水量序列，利用比值法检验其非均一性问题。结果表明，该方法对判断我国年降水量是否均一较为有效的，我国台站迁移及雨量器的改变是引起年降水量序列非均一的主要原因。     

Quantifying Isotopic Heterogeneity of Candidate Reference Materials at the Picogram Sampling Scale

We propose a method for quantifying the in situ heterogeneity of solid materials at the picogram test portion scale, illustrating its use by investigating the oxygen isotope ratio (¹⁸O^?/¹⁶O^?) of four quartz samples. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry, we could estimate the intrinsic heterogeneity using a large number (~ 100) of closely spaced duplicated measurements. An analysis of variance was then applied to these large data sets to extract the measurement repeatability (typically 0.10–0.15‰, 1s) from the total variability, thereby revealing a variability ranging from 0.18‰ to 2.3‰, which can be attributed to the genuine isotope ratio heterogeneities. A small proportion of outlying values were either rejected manually after inspection, or were accommodated using robust statistics. We also evaluated two distinct approaches for estimating and correcting instrumental drift; the use of a sub‐area of the test material (if shown to have sufficiently low heterogeneity) is judged to be preferable to using a piece of unrelated silicate glass that we believe to be homogeneous. We also compared three approaches for estimating measurement repeatability, from which we show that the ‘duplicate method’ applied to the reference material is preferable to using other methods based either on the drift monitoring material or on assessing residuals of the drift monitoring material after drift correction. Finally, here we propose a strategy for predicting the number of measurements on individual fragments of a material that would be required to achieve a specified target uncertainty.     

三维激光扫描点密度不均匀性对地形建模精度的影响研究

三维激光扫描技术获取的扫描点由于密度的不均匀性可能导致所建立的模型不能准确地反映实体的形态变化。本文通过建立严格的数学曲面模型,由曲面模型生成原始采样数据,在生成的原始数据上进行重采样作为实验数据,通过Delaunay三角形建立格网模型,定量分析密度对建模精度的影响。     

1979—2012年中国探空相对湿度资料的非均一性检验与订正

利用加拿大环境部气候研究中心研发的PMTred非均一性检验方法,以ERA interim资料作为参考序列,应用中国区域各探空台站详细的元数据信息为主要断点判断依据,对1979—2012年我国125个探空台站各标准等压面月平均探空相对湿度资料进行了非均一性检验和订正。并结合详细的元数据信息分析了造成我国探空相对湿度序列非均一问题形成的主要原因及对资料的影响程度。结果表明：仪器换型、探测系统资料整理计算方式变化以及辐射订正方法改变和探测系统升级等是造成这一时段中国区域月平均探空相对湿度资料不均一的主要原因。其中,2002年以后的L波段雷达 电子探空仪换型造成了相对湿度资料非常明显的不连续问题,这主要是由于早期59 701型探空仪穿云挂水,造成探测到的相对湿度资料明显偏湿。两个观测时次相对湿度序列不均一的台站数和断点数随高度的增加而增加。各标准等压面上月平均相对湿度序列不均一的探空台站平均订正幅度也随着高度的升高而增大,并且订正量为负值的比例在整套订正资料中所占的比例较高,说明我国的探空月平均相对湿度原始观测资料有明显高估的问题。1979—2012年以来,从全国的情况来看,订正前全国850~300 hPa 5个标准等压面全部为相对湿度降低趋势。但是订正后,850~300 hPa这5个标准等压面在1979—2012年相对湿度的变化趋势均不显著。     

Undrained stability analysis of trenches for buried submarine pipelines

Abstract

The stability of trenches for buried submarine pipelines (TBSPs) during excavation and/or prior to backfilling has not received enough attention in the literature. In this study, the undrained stability of TBSPs in horizontal and inclined seabeds with shear strengths increasing linearly with depth is investigated using the lower and upper bound finite element limit analysis (FELA). The surcharge due to excavated soils and trenching machines is reasonably considered. Extensive parametric studies are performed on the trench slope angle β, normalized width of trenching machine L/H, dimensionless strength gradient Hk/s_u0 and the volume ratio R (for inclined seabed only) of the excavated soil stacked on the upside and downside of trenches. The actual results are accurately bracketed by the computed upper and lower bound solutions. For the trench with horizontal seabeds, the maximum stability can be obtained under β?=?70°–80°. For inclined seabeds, the global stability of TBSPs roughly reaches peak value for different combinations of L/H and β when R?=?0.15–0.3.     

高分辨率层序地层学对河流相储层薄夹层的识别及其应用

在目前大多数主力油田已进入高含水期的形势下,分析河道砂内部建筑结构,了解剩余油分布规律,保持油田高产稳产已迫在眉睫。通过高分辨率层序地层学理论作为研究的平台,研究储层内部薄夹层的识别,因为储层内部的物性如孔隙度、渗透率、含油饱和度大小以及剩余油的分布与这些泥质薄夹层的空间分布有着很大的关系。利用高分辨率层序地层学理论,探讨薄夹层的成因及其识别,这对精细表征油藏地质特征,研究剩余油形成和分布,进而采取有效的工程措施都具有重要的地质意义。     

Inversion of 3-D crustal P-wave velocity structure in Ningxia and its neighborhood by using direct, reflected and refracted waves

IntroductionUsingarrival-timeofobservedearthquakewavestoinfertheinteriorvelocitystrUctUreoftheearthisthebaseworkofgeophysics.Thepreviousstudyappliedclassicalmethodshaveobtainedmanymeaningfulresults(Jeffreys,Bullen,1940;Haddon,Bullen,1969;Mizutani,Abe,1972),andtodaytheseresultsstillisthefoundationbywhichweunderstandtheeaFth.Inthelasttwentyyears,alongwiththedevelopmentofseismicobservationarray,inversiontheoryandthepowerfulcomputer,theinversionmethodsanddatausingtoexplorethestructureofEarth'S…     

The characteristics of variation in inhomogeneity of temporal-spatial distribution of short to imminent precursors before strong earthquakes

IntroductionShort-to-imminentprecursorsstillarethemainbasisforearthquakepredictioninthepresenttime.Strongquakes,especiallythosewithnoforeshocks,canbeforecastedtosomeextentbasedonabundantshoat-to-imminentprecursorsandcombiningwiththemid-to-longtermvar...     

中国探空位势高度资料的非均一性检验与订正

利用加拿大环境部气候研究中心研发的PMFT均一化检验方法,结合国家气象信息中心整理的中国区域各探空台站元数据信息,对我国123个探空台站各标准等压面月平均探空位势高度资料进行了非均一性检验和订正。结果表明：仪器换型、探测系统升级以及辐射订正方法改变是造成中国区域月平均探空位势高度资料不均一的主要原因。两个观测时次位势高度序列不均一的台站数随高度的增加而增加。各标准等压面上月平均位势高度序列不均一的探空台站平均订正幅度也随着位势高度的升高而增大。并且两个观测时次各标准等压面位势高度序列均为负订正,表明我国各标准等压面位势高度资料存在系统性偏高的问题。123个探空台站在对流层顶和对流层高层位势高度序列订正前是位势高度降低趋势,订正后位势高度序列呈增高趋势。对流层中低层原始位势高度序列呈增高趋势,订正后这种增高趋势更加明显。