Application of Seismic Anisotropy Caused by Fissures in Coal Seams to the Detection of Coal-bed Methane Reservoirs

Coal-bed methane is accumulated in micro-fissures and cracks in coal seams. The coal seam is the source terrace and reservoir bed of the coal-bed methane (Qian et al., 1996). Anisotropy of coal seams is caused by the existence of fissures. Based on the theory of S wave splitting: an S wave will be divided into two S waves with nearly orthogonal polarization directions when passing through anisotropic media, i.e. the fast S wave with its direction of propagation parallel to that of the fissure and slow S wave with the direction of propagation perpendicular to that of the fissure.This paper gives the results of laboratory research and field test on the S wave splitting caused by coal-seam fissures: The results show that it is, feasible to detect fissures in coal seams by applying the converted S wave and finally gives the development zone and development direction of these fissures.     

Temporary Array Data for Studying Seismic Anisotropy of Variscan Massifs – The Armorican Massif,French Massif Central And Bohemian Massif

We present the first results of a comparison of deep lithosphere structure of three Variscan massifs - the Armorican Massif, French Massif Central and Bohemian Massif, as revealed by recent tomographic studies of seismic anisotropy. The data originate from several field measurements made in temporary arrays of stations equipped with both short-period and broadband seismometers with digital recording. The study is based on teleseismic body waves and a joint inversion of anisotropic data (P-residual spheres, the fast shear-wave polarizations and split times) and demonstrates that the three Variscan massifs appear to consist of at least two parts with different orientation of large-scale fabric derived from seismic anisotropy. The boundaries of anisotropic lithospheric domains are related to prominent tectonic features recognised on the surface as sutures, shear zones or transfer fault zones, as well as grabens, thus indicating that some of them extend deep through the entire lithosphere.     

岩石电阻率变化各向异性与微裂隙扩展方位实验研究

将不同规格的长方体花岗岩标本,按事先设计的图案布设多个电极,并用抽真空的方法将标本进行水饱和．然后将标本电极面和相邻面的一小部分（包括棱）用防水绝缘胶密封．用多电极组合法,将己布电极组合成不同方向、不同极距的电阻率各向异性测线和电测剖面、电测深测线．使标本在装有水的承压水箱中,沿标本长轴方向受压,观测标本电阻率随压力的变化．在实验中,一些标本被压坏,出现宏观裂隙;一些标本没有被压坏,没有被压坏的标本通常压到电阻率出现明显破裂前兆为止．然后,将未压坏的标本测量面显微照相,从照片上寻找裂隙的优势方向,和被压坏标本的宏观裂隙一起,与电阻率各向异性计算结果进行对比,实验结果表明:① 裂隙和破碎带通过区域的测点,视电阻率变化各向异性结果好,4种组合求得的4个各向异性主轴方向趋于一致,且与破碎带方向基本吻合;裂隙和破碎带不经过区域的测点,或者4个视电阻率变化各向异性主轴方向不一致,或者根本求不出各向异性解．这后一种情况,在裂隙面平行测量面时,表现最为明显;② 显微照相显示的微观裂隙或破碎带的优势方向与电阻率变化最大的各向异性主轴方向基本一致;③ 电测剖面的结果,能较好地反映裂隙的位置和区域．      

Detecting rupture precursors and determining the main fracture spread direction of rock with dynamic rock resistivity change anisotropy

In the past, domestic and abroad scientific workers have done a large number of experiment researches on a great number of researches of experiment for the relationship between electrical resistivity change and the load stress on rock (Geoelectric Testing Group, Department of Geophysics, Peking University and Research Division, Seismological Brigade of Lanzhou, 1978; Zhang, 1981; Chen, et al, 1983; Zhao, et al, 1983; Zhang, Lu, 1983; Zhang, et al, 1985; Brace, Orange, 1968; Kurite, 1986; Teisseyre, 1989), such as imitating dynamic fracture of rock, frictional sliding course, and observing its resistivity change shape with a lot of experimental workssuch as simulating the dynamic course of crustal rocks fracturing and frictional slipping along the fracture surface, and observing its resistivity change shape with experiment. They found that, in the fracture process of rock under loading, not only its resistivity shape change notably, and its direction changes also very clearly, and therefore many scientific workers have shown strong interest in anisotropy of resistivity change, and have done some researches onfor it.     

Research on dependence of resistivity changing anisotropy on microcracks extending in rock with experiment

Intr0ducti0nTheproblemsaboutcrustalrocksfracturingandfricti0nalslippingalongthefracturesurfaCearecloselyrelatedtotheresearchesofearthquakemechanismandgeol0gichazards,andalsoareoneofthosebeinggivenmoreconcernbyscientistsinearthscience-Discussingab0utthegenera-tionanddevelopmentprocess0fintraPlateearthquakes,Wang,etal(l999)proPOsedthatearth-quake'spregnant,mechanicspropertyandgeometricstructureofmatterinearthquake'sgestatingareaaredifferinthousandswaysf0rdifferentplaceinsideslab-Thus,thepregna…     

大理岩的波速各向异性测量

利用 GC- 1 0 0型工程多波参数分析仪 ,对山东莱州大理岩进行了波速各向异性的实验室观测。实验采用两组岩样 ,一组为带有先天的优势定向排列裂缝的岩样 ,另一组为带有优势层理走向的完整岩石。在未加载的状态下 ,发现两组岩样都有明显的波速方位各向异性。对于带有先天的优势定向排列裂缝的岩样 ,甚至可以在无加载状态下观测到剪切波的分裂现象     

Petrofabric Investigation of Gabbros from the Oman Ophiolite: Comparison between AMS and Rock Fabric

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility was measured on 42 gabbros sampled across a complete plutonic sequence from the Oman ophiolite. The rock fabrics, investigated in the field and through plagioclase crystallographic fabric measurements, were compared to the magnetic fabrics. This comparative study reveals that from the paleo-Moho to the top of the foliated gabbros level, 73% of the rocks display a good correspondence in orientation, between the magnetic and rock fabric orientation. In these rocks, the AMS is controlled by secondary magnetites located in the fracture network of the olivines, and probably, but to a lesser extent, by secondary magnetites located in the exsolution lamellae of the clinopyroxenes. The high correlation between the AMS ellipsoid orientation and the rock fabric orientation is explained by the fact that the magnetic foliation is essentially constrained by the orientation of the olivine fracture planes, which is in turn constrained by the orientation of the overall magmatic rock fabric. In contrast to the primary mineral phases, the orientation of magnetite crystals in these gabbros is not due to their alignment in a flowing magma, so their preferred orientation, although usually mimicking that of the rock fabric, does have not the same origin. Furthermore, given that the preferred orientation of the anisometric secondary magnetites is much less perfect than the preferred orientation of the plagioclases, no correlation between the shape and magnitude of the AMS and plagioclase fabrics can be established. In the uppermost levels of the sequence there is no correspondence between the magnetic and rock fabric orientation. The magnetism of these rocks is mainly carried by primary magnetite and ilmenite grains. These minerals occur as small and scattered interstitial grains that exhibit neither alignment nor parallelism with the pre-existing rock fabric. Hence, the anisotropy, shape and orientation of the AMS ellipsoid are independent of the rock fabric ellipsoid. Although in the Wadi Al Abyad gabbros, just like in other magnetite bearing rocks (Rochette et al., 1992; Archanjo et al., 1995), the AMS cannot be used to evaluate the shape and strength of the finite strain ellipsoid, it can be reliably used to get the orientation of the rock fabric ellipsoid when the AMS is controlled by secondary magnetites.     

陆相断陷湖盆沉积物磁组构特征及环境意义--以泥河湾盆地为例

选取陆相湖盆泥河湾盆地的郝家台和东谷坨两剖面,共取样２８６块,研究喾物磁组构参数特征及其环境意义。结果表明,沉积物磁组构参数的变化与沉积物粒度参数、磁化率的变化密切相关,蕴含着环境变化的信息。磁化率各向异性度（Ｐ）、磁线理（Ｌ）、沉积物磁化率的高值和细粒物质含量的低值指示湖水平面下降,气候较为干燥;相反,则说明湖水平面上升,气候较为湿润。据此,将泥河湾盆地沉积过程中湖水平面的变化过程划分为２个大的     

On the optically biaxial character and heterogeneity of anthracites

The results of the study of optical properties of 13 anthracites from different parts of the world are presented in this paper. Measurements of reflectance values were made on non-oriented vitrinite grains for a minimum of 300 points per sample. The reconstruction of Reflectance Indicating Surfaces (RIS) were made by Kilby's method [Kilby, W.E., 1988. Recognition of vitrinite with non-uniaxial negative reflectance characteristics. Int. J. Coal Geol. 9, 267–285; Kilby, W.E., 1991. Vitrinite reflectance measurement — some technique enhancements and relationships. Int. J. Coal Geol. 19, 201–218]. It was found that the use of Kilby's method for strongly anisotropic materials like anthracites did not give unambiguous results. Some improvement in Kilby's method, consisting of the division of the cumulative cross-plot into several elemental components, is suggested. Each elemental cross-plot corresponds to a textural class of anthracite, which is characterized by the values of RIS main axes R_MAX^(k), R_INT^(k) and R_MIN^(k) (k=1,2,…n; n — number of classes). The global texture of anthracite is characterized as a RIS with main axes calculated as the weighted means of , and for each class of this anthracite.The division of cumulative Kilby's cross-plot on elemental components makes possible the calculation of new coefficients H_t and H₁₀ characterizing the heterogeneity of the structure and texture of anthracites. The results of our study show that all anthracites have biaxial negative textures, but their heterogeneity varies in a wide range of H_t and H₁₀ coefficients depending upon the individual coal basin.     

河南小浪底水库库区地震剪切波分裂研究

采用河南小浪底水库数字地震台网2009—2016年的地震观测资料,结合双差重定位结果,利用剪切波分裂系统分析方法,获得了小浪底水库库区8个数字地震台站的剪切波分裂参数.研究表明,小浪底库区地震主要分布在库区中段的石井河断层附近,呈团状散布;该区域的剪切波快波平均偏振方向为100.4°±45.0°,慢波平均时间延迟为(2...