Variations in structures and distributions of C25 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes in cultures of the diatom, Haslea ostrearia (Simonsen)

The highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes of three batch cultures of the diatom Haslea ostrearia have been examined and the occurrence of C₂₅ tri-, tetra- and pentaenes confirmed. Growth of cultures outside at ambient temperature, under natural sunlight, in May (6 days) and June (10 days) 1995 and monitoring of HBI concentrations in samples collected daily and stored frozen, revealed that in May greater concentrations of HBIs (ca 6500 fg cell⁻¹) were produced than in June and at a much earlier stage of growth. Furthermore, in May the HBIs were more unsaturated (predominantly a tetraene rather than a triene). The reasons for these differences are at present unknown and future investigations of the effect of irradiance, temperature, salinity and other environmental variables are required. Such experiments may allow the various HBI distributions in the alga and in sediments to be better understood and, like some other polyunsaturated lipids, HBI alkenes may become useful environmental and palaeoenvironmental indicators. Two previously unreported alkenes, 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-7-(3-methylpent-4-enyl)pentadec-2,5,9,13-ene (GC retention index, 2201_DB-1) and 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-7-(3-methylene pent-4-enyl)pentadec-2,5,9,13-ene (GC RI, 2248_DB-1) from a batch culture of Haslea ostrearia grown in October/November 1993 and stored frozen for over a year, have also been isolated and characterised by ¹³C and ¹H NMR, epoxide derivatisation and mass spectrometry. Such structural characterisation studies of HBI alkenes should also aid our understanding of the geochemical fate of these widely distributed hydrocarbons.     

Mechanisms of hydrogen incorporation and diffusion in iron-bearing olivine

The incorporation and diffusion of hydrogen in San Carlos olivine (Fo₉₀) single crystals were studied by performing experiments under hydrothermal conditions. The experiments were carried out either at 1.5 GPa, 1,000°C for 1.5 h in a piston cylinder apparatus or at 0.2 GPa, 900°C for 1 or 20 h in a cold-seal vessel. The oxygen fugacity was buffered using Ni–NiO, and the silica activity was buffered by adding San Carlos orthopyroxene powders. Polarized Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was utilized to quantify the hydroxyl distributions in the samples after the experiments. The resulting infrared spectra reproduce the features of FTIR spectra that are observed in olivine from common mantle peridotite xenoliths. The hydrogen concentration at the edges of the hydrogenated olivine crystals corresponds to concentration levels calculated from published water solubility laws. Hydrogen diffusivities were determined for the three crystallographic axes from profiles of water content as a function of position. The chemical diffusion coefficients are comparable to those previously reported for natural iron-bearing olivine. At high temperature, hydrogenation is dominated by coupled diffusion of protons and octahedrally coordinated metal vacancies where the vacancy diffusion rate limits the process. From the experimental data, we determined the following diffusion laws (diffusivity in m² s⁻¹, activation energies in kJ mol⁻¹): for diffusion along [100] and [010]; for diffusion along [001]. These diffusion rates are fast enough to modify significantly water contents within olivine grains in xenoliths ascending from the mantle.     

数字化地震记录分析软件PITSA简介及使用说明

“九五”期间我们将建立一批数字化地震台站,紧接着就是数字化记录的常规处理和数字化资料的开发利用问题。这两方面的工作都离不开数字化记录的常规处理软件。由国际地震学和地球内部物理学协会（ＩＡＳＰＥＩ）和联合国科教文组织（ＵＮＥＳＣＯ）以及美国地震学会（ＳＳＡ）联合推荐的由Ｆ．ＳｃｈｅｒｂａｕｍａｎｄＪ．Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ完成的一套优秀的数字化分析处理软件ＰＩＴＳＡ（ＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍａｂｌｅＩｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｖｅＴｏｏｌｂｏｘｆｏｒＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓ）是一套比较适合我国广大地震工作者使用的软件。ＰＩＴＳＡ的特点是：①在普通微机（ＰＣ机）上安装使用,要求的微机和外部环境都很低,容易安装,占据的硬盘空间小（约２Ｍ）字节;②功能很强,如部分放大,震相拾取、求震级、定震中、分量旋转等常规分析工作它都能很好完成,进一步的分析处理工作如数值微分、积分、基线校正、谱分析、滤波、相关、Ｈｉｌｂｅｒｔ变换,旋转分量、偏振滤波、交义谱、相关谱、画质点运动图、各种模拟地震图的仿真等,它都能方便地实现;③它是菜单操作式软件,易学易用;④我们已有现成的软件,并已被一些地震工作者开发利用。鉴于以上优点,故我们特出版此专辑     

Temperature dependence of the polarized electronic absorption spectra of olivines. Part II—Cobalt-containing olivines

Polarized electronic absorption spectra of single crystalline Co₂[SiO₄] and (Co_0.64Mg_0.36)₂[SiO₄] (E|| a (|| Z), E || b (|| X), E || c (|| Y)) have been studied in the temperature range 293 T/K 1273. The three polarized spectra show a total of 15 bands. Five bands are caused by spin-allowed transitions in Co²⁺ ions at M1 sites which appear in all polarization directions. Seven polarization-dependent bands can be ascribed to spin-allowed transitions in Co²⁺ ions at M2 sites and three bands may be assigned to spin-forbidden transitions. The assignment of bands due to Co²⁺ ions at M1 and M2 sites has been made on the basis of transition energies and intensity ratios. Further arguments have been derived from the comparison of spectra of crystals with different cobalt content, from the analysis of the polarization dependence of the spectra, and from the evolution of band intensities with temperature.     

自养小球藻硫酸多糖的红外光谱分析

利用二乙胺基乙基琼脂糖凝胶柱层析纯化自养小球藻(Chlorella autotropica)粗多糖,得到3个硫酸多糖组分(A,B,C);利用高效液相色谱仪和熔点仪测定了3个多糖的分子质量和熔点;利用BaCl2浊度法测定了硫酸多糖中硫酸根的质量分数;利用傅立叶变换红外光谱分析了海水自养小球藻3个硫酸多糖组分的环状结构、半缩醛羟基构型及取代基类型。结果显示,3个硫酸多糖组分的硫酸根的质量分数分别为0.77%,8.46%,2.69%,3个组分均含有硫酸基、酰氨基,葡萄糖是3个硫酸多糖组分的主要组成单糖;3个硫酸多糖组分组成单糖的环构型均是吡喃环,成苷的半缩醛羟基构型有一定差异,A是α构型,B、C是α、β两种半缩醛羟基构型并存。为深入研究自养小球藻硫酸多糖的结构及抗癌活性提供基础。     

西藏多龙矿集区铜元素遥感地球化学模型

遥感在一定程度上可以反映地物元素含量的特征,利用遥感反演元素特征在地质工作程度低地区或者国外地质资料难以获取地区可以提供一个参数。本文根据元素含量与光谱关系,建立了波段相关斜率、波段的斜率指数、波段相关吸收深度指数、波段的相关多项式指数这4个遥感地球化学反演模型的指标,以西藏多龙矿集区为研究区,通过回归算法反演了铜元素遥感地球化学,并经过F检验证实反演可信,比较预测值与实际值吻合较好,最后把实测铜元素地球化学、蚀变遥感异常与遥感反演铜元素地球化学进行了对比,证实遥感铜元素地球化学反演结果较好,且可以作为一个独立的遥感参数。     

傅立叶变换近红外光谱定量分析煤炭挥发分

建立了傅立叶变换近红外光谱定量分析煤炭中挥发分的数学模型,并用交叉验证法确定了最优建模参数。并用此分析方法,测定无烟煤中的挥发分,结果与国标的高温炉隔绝空气加热法的相对误差小于6．0％,方法的精密度（RSD,n=10）小于4．0％。实验表明,傅立叶变换近红外光谱定量分析煤炭的低含量挥发分可行,且分析速度快,精密度高。