基于微地貌特征的西太平洋菲律宾海海底稳定性评价

随着海洋战略地位的逐步提高,深远海海底资源开发和海洋工程建设将面临巨大挑战,主要是受限于技术手段,高精度调查资料难以获取,无法全面准确地进行海底稳定性评价.针对这一问题,本文提出了基于微地貌特征的深远海海底稳定性评价方法.基于已有的研究工作,本文选取西太平洋菲律宾海中南部某区域为研究区,利用ArcGIS平台建立研究区D...     

A System for Fast Cartographic Sounding Selection

Soundings on nautical charts provide information about the shape of the ocean bottom between chart depth curves. A single chart may have thousands of soundings posted on it. This article describes a system for automatic cartographic sounding selection. In this system, a new algorithm for automated selecting soundings is developed. The algorithm is employed in such a way that it can guarantee (a) fast and accurate selecting sounding, (b) processing the circular depth curves, (c) solving the overplotting problems between depth curves and soundings, and (d) keeping selected soundings “prettier.” The system was intensively tested using real data sets, and its superiority has been revealed by the testing results.     

Geochemical types of pacific polymetallic nodules: An application of multivariate analysis

A total of 843 samples of Pacific Ocean polymetallic nodules (PNs) from five survey areas have been studied (metals analyzed: Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Zn, Pb). The statistical analysis included the following techniques: factor R analysis, quick cluster Q analysis into 50 preclasses, various hierarchical cluster Q analyses (HCAs) using the preclasses (application of different HCAs to an identical set of data and of an identical HCA to two different subsets of the data), comparison of the HCA. The PNs of the survey areas can be grouped into five geochemical types (I‐V). The genesis of the PNs was interpreted as early diagenetic, hydrogenetic, and mixed (early diagenetic/hydrogenetic and hydrogenetic/hydrothermal. In addition, some further conclusions regarding the applicability of various HCA techniques depending on the structure of the data set have been drawn.     

南海西北部海域表层沉积物粒度分布特征及其影响因素

对南海西北部海域416个表层沉积物样品进行粒度和多元统计分析,结果表明研究区沉积物类型复杂,从粗粒级的砾石到细粒级的黏土皆有发育,共分为14种类型。其核心粒级为4Φ~9Φ,占71%,平均粒径范围为0.99Φ~7.44Φ;分选系数为0.54~3.72;偏态范围为-0.32~0.78;峰态范围为0.62~3.92。R型聚类分析结果表明表层沉积物基本上分为粗、细2大类：粗颗粒沉积物由-2Φ~5Φ粒级组成,细颗粒沉积物由6Φ~11Φ组成。R型因子分析结果表明前5种因子累计特征值比例达到89.38%。因子1、因子2和因子3是主导因子：因子1主要由9Φ~11Φ的正载荷和3Φ~4Φ的负载荷组成;因子2主要由6Φ~8Φ的正载荷组成;因子3主要由-2Φ~0Φ的正载荷组成。研究区粗粒沉积物一般在水动力较强的陆架区沉积,其分选较好,物质来源多样;细粒沉积物主要位于水动力弱的海湾、离岸较远的陆架以及陆坡和海盆区,其分选差,物质来源单一。     

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Optical Response of the Atmosphere During the Caribbean Total Solar Eclipses of 26 February 1998 and of 3 February 1916 at Falcón state,Venezuela

An investigation of the optical response of the atmosphere before, during, and afterthe total solar eclipse of 26 February 1998 at the Caribbean Peninsula of Paraguaná (Falcón State) in Venezuela, was made by measuring photometrically the intensity of the sky brightness in three strategic directions: zenith, horizon anti-parallel or opposite the umbra path, and horizon perpendicular to this path. From these measurements, and by applying in an inverse way an empirical photometric model, very rough estimations of theextinction coefficient, and also of the average optical depth, were obtained in one of these particular directions. However based on meteorological measurements such as those of relative humidity and temperature, and applying a different model, a better estimation in the visual of the total global extinction coefficient of the sky (except the horizon), were made considering the contribution of each component: atmospheric aerosol, water vapour, ozone and Rayleigh scattering. It is shown that this global coefficient is mostly dependent upon aerosol extinction. In spite of the strong reduction of sky brightness photometrically observed during the totality, the results show that the sky was not dark. This is confirmed by the results obtained for the total global extinction coefficient. Additionally it is estimated that the total solar eclipse that took place also in Falcón State, Venezuela, at the beginning of the last century on 3 February 1916, was 30% darker that the 1998 eclipse, and that atmospheric aerosol played a relevant and similar role in the scattering of sunlight during the totality as it was for 1998's. Visual observations made during each event, which show that at length only one or two bright stars could be seen in the sky, support the results obtained for both eclipses.     

宁夏吴忠市金积水源地地下水水质影响因素的多元统计分析

根据吴忠市金积水源地地下水饮用水用途选择11项水化学指标,采集32个地下水水样进行测试分析及处理。在分析金积水源地地下水流场及水化学特征基础上,综合利用因子分析法和系统聚类分析方法对水质影响因素进行评价,2种方法评价结果基本一致。结果表明,该区地下水水质影响因素主要有：以Cl^-、SO^2-₄、Mg²⁺、NO^-₃、Ca²⁺质量浓度为代表变量的溶滤作用,该作用表现为西强东弱,综合主成分贡献率48.40%;以EC、总硬度及TDS、Na⁺、HCO^-质量浓度为代表变量的蒸发浓缩作用,沿补给区和排泄区作用较强,综合主成分贡献率39.66%;以NH₄-N质量浓度为主要载荷变量的人类活动影响因素,因子得分较高区域与企业分布及排污范围分布一致,综合主成分贡献率11.94%。水质影响因素分布总体表现为黄河沿岸蒸发浓缩作用相对较强;汉渠以北主要受溶滤作用及地下水蒸发浓缩共同影响;南干沟及南干沟入黄河口附近氨氮污染较明显。     

浙江省东部土壤元素地球化学特征及意义

为了研究土壤和稻米元素地球化学分布特征及影响稻米中重金属质量分数的主要因素,对浙江省东部农田根系土-稻谷样品进行了采集和分析。结果表明：各研究区均有重金属元素质量分数高于区域地球化学背景值,尤其是温州南郊地区的Hg、台州泽国地区Cd、绍兴北郊地区的Hg,其质量分数分别是背景值的6倍、5倍及9倍;7个研究区中,只有嘉兴新胜地区的As质量分数超过背景值。其原因是这些地区工业化进程迅速,人为活动频繁,污染较严重。绍兴北郊、嘉兴新丰、嘉兴新胜和桐乡崇福地区稻米中As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Se和Pb质量分数均未超过标准限值。稻米对重金属元素的吸收富集主要受土壤有机质、pH、土壤阳离子交换量和黏粒组成等土壤理化性质的影响：土壤有机碳越丰富越有利于稻米对As、Cd、Cr和Ni的吸收;稻米对As、Cd、Mn和Ni的富集系数随着pH上升而下降;土壤阳离子交换量和黏粒组成与水稻As、Cu、Hg、Mn、Pb、Se和Zn的富集系数呈显著负相关。     

交通荷载作用下公路路基工作区深度研究

根据路面不平整实测资料,获得了汽车动荷载的计算模型和参数,并利用此荷载模式来分析公路结构的动力响应。考虑到公路结构的三维分层性状,利用Fourier变换技术和求解层状结构的精确刚度矩阵法,研究了公路结构在移动汽车荷载作用下的动力响应问题。为了方便工程应用,利用Odemark厚度和模量的当量转换公式,将公路结构简化为由路面、路基及地基组成的3层体系,并以此为基础分析了路基动应力的衰减规律,同时重点研究了汽车轴载大小、当量路面厚度及路基模量对路基工作区深度的影响,最后建议了路基工作区深度的定量表达式,研究结果可为公路路基设计提供参考。     

基于三维地质模型的排土场边坡整体稳定性探究

目前所广泛采用的平面应变分析手段,针对排土场边坡稳定性评价时有时会出现某剖面安全系数高于设定允许值,实际中却遭破坏的现象,除了常被提及的力学参数、本构模型等因素,排土场凹形夹持效应和凸形发散作用突出以及滑体端部效应的影响,是分析结果不能准确反映实际的根本原因之一。鉴于此,从平面高程数据、地质剖面、钻孔资料等条件,配合插值效果较为稳定的Kriging法对空间数据进行插值,建立排土场三维地质整体模型。然后,采用自编FISH语言接口程序,将地质模型导入FLAC3D中离散化并计算,较为简单、有效地实现三维地质建模、模型可视化、岩土工程计算分析三位一体功能,有效地克服了平面分析无法解决的上述问题。以攀钢兰尖铁矿尖山第7排土场为实,对其整体稳定性进行应力、应变分析,采用三维强度折减法计算排土场三维整体安全系数,与现场调查及平面计算结果较为一致。基于该模型的计算结果可以有效避免排土场空间效应和滑体端部效应,得到的排土场全域应力-应变规律,对露天矿排土场的生产管理,具有一定的指导意义。