Contaminant migration at two low-level radioactive waste sites in arid western United States – A review

 Contamination of the unsaturated zone and ground water at the Beatty, Nevada and Richland, Washington low-level radioactive waste sites shows that pathways exist for rapid lateral and vertical migration of contaminants through unconsolidated clastic sediments that comprise the 100 m-thick unsaturated zones of those arid disposal sites. Disposal of liquid wastes at the Beatty site until 1975 may have contributed to rapid migration of contaminants, but negligible amounts of liquid wastes reportedly were disposed at the Richland LLRW site and similar problems of contaminant migration exist. Pathways for vertical migration in the unsaturated zone include fractures and, at Richland, clastic dikes; lateral migration pathways likely are facies-controlled. Disturbance of the disposal sites contributed to increased infiltration of the unlined waste trenches after closure; simulations that used Beatty sample data show dramatic increases in recharge with disturbances necessary to develop the site. Because neither an arid climate nor presence of a thick unsaturated zone offer effective barriers to ground-water contamination, reliance on those factors at proposed sites such as Ward Valley, California and elsewhere is unwarranted. Received: 4 February 1998 · Accepted: 4 May 1998     

山东沿海不同工业废水源中微塑料的赋存特征

微塑料(MPs)作为一种普遍存在的新污染物受到广泛关注,工业来源被认为是受纳河流和邻近海域中微塑料的重要来源,但是关于工业来源废水中的微塑料污染情况并不明确。本文系统研究了山东沿海5个行业代表性企业进水和出水中微塑料的赋存特征,结果表明,工业废水源内部污水处理系统对微塑料的去除效率较低,平均去除率仅为59.86%,沿海工业废水是近海环境中微塑料污染的潜在重要来源。不同类型工业中纺织印染业的进、出水微塑料含量最大,平均丰度分别为84.8个/L和19.6个/L,纸塑制造厂、化工厂和船舶工业的污水中微塑料丰度相近,进水中微塑料丰度在32.0~37.2个/L之间,出水中微塑料丰度在10.8~14.6个/L之间,金矿厂的进水中微塑料丰度最低,为23.9个/L,出水微塑料丰度为17.6个/L。不同工业源进水中微塑料在形状和成分上相似,在尺寸和颜色上存在行业差异,纤维(占比范围61.46%~84.48%)是主要形状,聚乙烯(PE)(53.48%~76.19%)是主要成分。工业源出水中微塑料主要形状为纤维(61.46%~91.06%),主要颜色为蓝色(41.67%~58.22%),主要成分为PE (16.22%~67.83%),出水中微塑料尺寸存在行业差异,≤300 μm的微塑料平均占比最高,为28.67%,占比范围为23.96%~35.19%。工业出水中微塑料特征与海洋中微塑料特征高度契合,再次证明了工业污水对海洋微塑料污染的重要贡献。本研究通过揭示典型海湾周边代表性行业的工业污水中微塑料浓度与特征,为海洋微塑料的源汇特征、迁移与防控研究提供科学依据。     

Reconstruction of Industrial Location in View of Industrial Agglomeration

1 Introduction The industrial location is always the focus in academic circles and any analysis on industrial location can not avoid the agglomeration mechanism formed as the result of the industrial location. The study on the industrial location has become the focus for the massive theoretical location problems about agglomeration since the 1970s, which has a great influence on the formation of the in- dustrial location. In order to make more study of its in- fluence, it is necessary to resea…     

Subsurface oceans and deep interiors of medium-sized outer planet satellites and large trans-neptunian objects

The detection of induced magnetic fields in the vicinity of the jovian satellites Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto is one of the most surprising findings of the Galileo mission to Jupiter. The observed magnetic signature cannot be generated in solid ice or in silicate rock. It rather suggests the existence of electrically conducting reservoirs of liquid water beneath the satellites' outermost icy shells that may contain even more water than all terrestrial oceans combined. The maintenance of liquid water layers is closely related to the internal structure, composition, and thermal state of the corresponding satellite interior. In this study we investigate the possibility of subsurface oceans in the medium-sized icy satellites and the largest trans-neptunian objects (TNO's). Controlling parameters for subsurface ocean formation are the radiogenic heating rate of the silicate component and the effectiveness of the heat transfer to the surface. Furthermore, the melting temperature of ice will be significantly reduced by small amounts of salts and/or incorporated volatiles such as methane and ammonia that are highly abundant in the outer Solar System. Based on the assumption that the satellites are differentiated and using an equilibrium condition between the heat production rate in the rocky cores and the heat loss through the ice shell, we find that subsurface oceans are possible on Rhea, Titania, Oberon, Triton, and Pluto and on the largest TNO's 2003 UB₃₁₃, Sedna, and 2004 DW. Subsurface oceans can even exist if only small amounts of ammonia are available. The liquid subsurface reservoirs are located deeply underneath an ice-I shell of more than 100 km thickness. However, they may be indirectly detectable by their interaction with the surrounding magnetic fields and charged particles and by the magnitude of a satellite's response to tides exerted by the primary. The latter is strongly dependent on the occurrence of a subsurface ocean which provides greater flexibility to a satellite's rigid outer ice shell.     

Ridges and tidal stress on Io

Sets of ridges of uncertain origin are seen in twenty-nine high-resolution Galileo images, which sample seven locales on Io. These ridges are on the order of a few kilometers in length with a spacing of about a kilometer. Within each locale, the ridges have a consistent orientation, but the orientations vary from place to place. We investigate whether these ridges could be a result of tidal flexing of Io by comparing their orientations with the peak tidal stress orientations at the same locations. We find that ridges grouped near the equator are aligned either north-south or east-west, as are the predicted principal stress orientations there. It is not clear why particular groups run north-south and others east-west. The one set of ridges observed far from the equator (52° S) has an oblique azimuth, as do the tidal stresses at those latitudes. Therefore, all observed ridges have similar orientations to the tidal stress in their region. This correlation is consistent with the hypothesis that tidal flexing of Io plays an important role in ridge formation.     

掘进工作面瓦斯流动规律数值模拟分析

研究煤层巷道掘进过程瓦斯流动规律对认识掘进巷道瓦斯涌出规律和瓦斯治理具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。本文通过建立流固耦合模型,考虑煤与瓦斯流固耦合作用,进行了不同掘进长度,掘进工作面瓦斯压力分布规律,瓦斯压力梯度改变以及瓦斯流动规律的数值模拟研究。研究表明,掘进巷道周边煤层瓦斯压力随煤壁暴露时间的增长逐渐降低,采掘活动对工作面前方煤体的影响范围达30m。并且越靠近煤壁瓦斯压力梯度越大,在距离巷帮5m范围内,瓦斯压力变化幅度最大。煤壁瓦斯流速随巷道掘进长度的增加先增加后减小,最后瓦斯流速趋于稳定。掘进工作面瓦斯流动规律的研究为矿井瓦斯治理提供安全可靠的依据,保证矿井安全生产。     

桂中坳陷泥盆纪生物礁储层特征及演化史

桂中坳陷泥盆纪生物礁滩发育,桂中1井钻探证实该区存在优质生物礁灰岩和白云岩储层。野外露头、显微照片和扫描电镜等分析测试手段表明,该区泥盆纪生物礁储集空间主要包括孔隙、裂缝和溶洞。孔隙类型有粒内溶孔、骨架孔、粒间孔、溶孔、缝合线伴生溶孔等,以晶间溶孔、晶间孔及非组构控制的溶蚀孔、洞、缝为主,储层类型主要为裂缝型、裂缝-孔隙型和孔隙型。沉积环境、成岩作用及构造裂缝控制有利储层的发育,现今储集空间以埋藏溶蚀孔隙和保留下来的残余孔、洞、缝为主。地球化学和成岩作用研究表明,储层孔隙演化与油气充注密切相关,可能发生两期油气充注。储层焦沥青的形成主要是由于地层深埋造成原油热裂解。因此,该区油气勘探应以原油裂解天然气为主,寻找具有保存条件的岩性体。     

油页岩资源开发利用经济评价

油页岩资源是一种重要的非常规油气资源,但是,其作为单独的一种产品开发利用具有很大的局限性,所以,油页岩资源的开发利用必须走综合利用的途径.这就要求油页岩资源开发利用项目的经济评价应当采用产业经济模式评价,而不能采用行业经济模式评价.通过调研分析,建立产业经济模式评价模型,按产能比模拟年产5x10<'4>t页岩油的"油页...     

国际大都市产业功能区空间利用特征

产业功能区是国际大都市生产功能的核心载体。本文基于城市内部产业布局文献,以金融商务区、高新技术园区和现代制造业园区三类产业功能区为研究对象,重点从土地利用和功能配置两个空间视角,梳理了国际主要大都市产业空间利用的特征,提纳出对我国产业功能区发展的启示,从用地综合化和功能配置多样化等提出了我国大都市培育产业功能区的对策建议。