环境背景数据的分类编码与应用

以环境背景数据为研究对象,通过对语义时间、存储格式、记载介质、负责机构、专题信息等属性特征的分析,提出完整的环境背景数据概念;强调环境背景数据的分类编码,应侧重环境背景数据的发现,并着重讨论分类编码的贯彻实施应以元数据为标准载体,在统一的环境背景数据分类编码无法确定时,利用核心元数据中的关键字字段实现分类编码的间接引用,确保元数据标准对不同系列分类编码的兼容并包。     

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Urban fresh water resources consumption of China

From the point of view of urban consumption behavior, urban fresh water consumption could be classified as three types, namely, direct, indirect and induced water consumption. A calculation approach of urban fresh water consumption was presented based on the theory of urban basic material consumption and the input-output method, which was utilized to calculate urban fresh water consumption of China, and to analyze its structural change and causes. The results show that the total urban fresh water consumption increased 561.7×10⁹m³, and the proportion to the total national fresh water resources increased by 20 percentage points from 1952 to 2005. The proportion of direct and induced water consumption had been continuously rising, and it increased by 15 and 35 percentage points separately from 1952 to 2005, while the proportion of indirect water consumption decreased by 50 percentage points. Urban indirect water consumption was mainly related to urban grain, beef and mutton consumption, and urban induced water consumption had a close relationship with the amount of carbon emission per capita. Finally, some countermeasures were put forward to realize sustainable utilization of urban fresh water resources in China. Foundation item: Under the auspices of Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40535026)     

东亚地区硫酸盐气溶胶间接辐射和气候效应的数值模拟研究

本文利用发展的RIEMS对硫酸盐气溶胶第一间接辐射强迫及其气候效应进行了研究.同卫星观测和其它模式模拟结果对比表明,RIEMS能比较好地模拟云和辐射过程.东亚地区硫酸盐气溶胶的第一间接辐射强迫为负并有明显的季节变化,各季节分别为:冬季-0.88 W/m2,春季-2.27 W/m2,夏季-2.41 W/m2,秋季-1.4...     

中国地区硫酸盐气溶胶的第一间接气候效应研究

将区域气候模式(RegCM3)与对流层大气化学模拟(TACM)耦合,建立区域气候化学模拟系统(RegCCMS),用以模拟中国地区硫酸盐气溶胶的空间分布、第一间接辐射强迫及其气候效应。研究结果表明,中国地区硫酸盐气溶胶主要集中在四川、河南、山东等地,秋冬季浓度较高而夏季浓度较低。1月份浓度最高值中心在四川,最高达到50μg/m3,而7月则出现在河南等地,浓度最高达10μg/m3。1、4、7、10月硫酸盐气溶胶的第一间接辐射强迫全国平均值分别为-1.80、-2.75、-3.43、-1.83 W/m2,局部地区可达-12 W/m2。敏感性试验结果表明,硫酸盐气溶胶的第一间接效应引起气温降低,降水减少,在不同季节和地区气温和降水的变化存在明显差异。     

Indirect Radiative and Climatic Effects of Sulfate and Organic Carbon Aerosols over East Asia Investigated by RIEMS

The indirect radiative and climatic effects of sulfate and organic carbon aerosols over East Asia were investigated using a Regional Integrated Environment Model System (RIEMS) with an empirical aerosol-cloud parameterization.The first indirect radiative forcing was negative and ranged from-9-0 W m-2 in the domain.The maximum cooling,up to-9 W m-2,occurred in the Chongqing District in winter,whereas the cooling areas were larger during summer than in winter.Organic carbon (OC) aerosols were more abundant in winter than in summer,whereas the sulfate concentration during summer was much higher than during winter.The concentrations of sulfate and OC were comparable in winter,and sulfate played a dominant role in determining indirect radiative forcing in summer,whereas in winter,both sulfate and OC were important.The regional mean indirect radiative forcings were-0.73 W m-2 and-0.41 W m-2 in summer and winter,respectively.The surface cooling caused by indirect effects was more obvious in winter than that in summer.The ground temperature decreased by ～1.2 K in most areas of eastern China in winter,whereas in summer,the temperature decreased (～-1.5 K) in some regions,such as the Yangtze River region,but increased (～0.9 K) in the areas between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers.In winter,the precipitation decreased by 0-6 mm in most areas of eastern China,but in summer,alternating bands of increasing (up to 80 mm) and decreasing (～-80 mm) precipitation appeared in eastern China.     

家庭碳排放计算方法分析评价

碳排放定量评价是碳减排政策制定的依据。家庭作为产品和服务消费的主体, 其能源需求及碳排放问题正日益引起国际社会和科学界的关注与研究。本文在界定家庭碳排放及其构成等相关概念的基础上, 梳理了国际上家庭碳排放的主要计算方法, 对比分析了各种主要计算方法的优缺点, 并构建了符合中国家庭碳排放构成及特点的评价指标体系及计算方法, 这对家庭碳排放的相关研究具有重要的现实意义。     

基于姿态校正的RTK潮位在琼州海峡地形测量中的应用

潮位改正是多波束地形勘测中的重要环节。琼州海峡跨海工程中分别利用验潮潮位和RTK潮位进行潮位改正,对比结果发现初始RTK潮位改正后的数据存在较大偏差,最大可达1.5 m。通过对RTK测量潮位进行姿态校正后,其结果与验潮潮位的偏差减小,可以控制在0.3 m以内。5-6月的琼州海峡正是西南季风爆发时间,海峡海流的流向具有复杂性,涨落潮都伴随着较大的风浪,RTK潮位测量忽略风浪带来的影响是出现较大误差的重要原因。     

单环刺螠硫醌氧化还原酶间接竞争ELISA检测方法的建立

硫醌氧化还原酶(Sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase,SQR),是线粒体硫化物代谢的关键酶。本研究以生活在潮间带下区及潮下带中的底栖生物—单环刺螠SQR重组蛋白为材料,建立了单环刺螠SQR间接竞争ELISA检测方法,为定量分析SQR蛋白水平表达奠定了基础。将SQR重组蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔获得多克隆抗体,检测效价高达1:64 000。采用免疫印迹实验,将该抗体与重组蛋白和体壁总蛋白杂交,均得到了单一的条带,表明该抗体特异性好。优化SQR间接竞争ELISA检测条件,得出最佳的抗原包被浓度为250ng/mL,一抗浓度为1∶20 000,二抗浓度为1∶12 000,此条件下建立的标准曲线检测范围为2.5～1 000ng/mL。精确度检测结果显示,批内差异在0.42%～7.27%、批间差异在2.58%～7.78%范围内,表明该条件下精确度具有良好的准确性和重复性。以上结果表明,已成功建立单环刺螠SQR间接竞争ELISA检测方法。