导线网间接平差中点的近似坐标算法设计及实现

导线测量随着光电测距技术的发展而成为应用广泛的测量手段。与此同时,对于导线测量中的观测数据进行平差计算还是一项不可或缺的繁重工作。在导线网间接平差时,点的近似坐标计算是很重要的一步,只有在计算了点的近似坐标以后,方可实现平差解算。鉴于此,在略谈导线网间接平差算法的基础上,重点研究导线网近似坐标的计算,并给出了其算法流程图,最后用C 语言编程实现算法,结合算例验证了其正确性。     

沉积河谷-建筑群地震动力相互作用的二维IBEM模拟

众多城市坐落于沉积河谷之中,沉积河谷-密集建筑群间的地震动力相互作用规律尚不明确。采用间接边界元方法（IBEM）,对在平面SV波入射下,沉积河谷-建筑群之间的地震相互作用进行二维模拟计算和参数分析。研究结果表明：沉积河谷-建筑群间存在着显著而复杂的地震动力相互作用;较浅沉积河谷中建筑群地震响应呈现强弱交替变换特征;入射波角度、沉积河谷的材料、几何特征是影响沉积河谷-建筑群整体地震响应规律的关键因素。总体上看,建筑群对浅沉积河谷地震动响应有较大的降幅效应,特别是高频波入射下最大降幅近50%。实际河谷地震放大效应评估需考虑密集建筑群的影响,而位于地震波聚焦位置的建筑物需适当提高设防标准。     

Object-oriented spatial data organization and management in GeoStar

Spatial data, including geometrical data, attribute data, image data and DEM data, are huge in volume and relations among them are complex. How to effectively organize and manage those data is an important problem in GIS. Several problems about space data organization and management in GeoStar which is a basic GIS software made in China are discussed in this paper. The paper emphasizes on object model of spatial vector, data organization, data management and how to realize the goal, and the like.     

Indirect Effects of Epibiosis on Host Mortality: Seastar Predation on Differently Fouled Mussels

In situ experiments were run with the seastar Asterias rubens to investigate the influence of epibiosis on predation preferences. Mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) monospecifically fouled by different epibiont species (the barnacle Balanus improvisus , the red filamentous alga Ceramium strictum , the sponge Halichondria panicea and the hydrozoan Laomedea flexuosa ) and macroscopically clean mussels were exposed and seastar predation was monitored by SCUBA. Asterias rubens preferred macroscopical unfouled mussels as prey. Fouling generally reduced predation pressure on the mussel hosts (associational resistance). Barnacles protected mussels less efficiently than hydrozoans or algae.
We hypothesize that in top-down controlled communities this influence of epibiosis on predation pressure should affect mussel community patterns. A survey of natural mussel-epibiont distribution in the presence or absence of A. rubens showed that the prevalence of differently fouled mussels differed between predation-exposed and predation-protected habitats. Natural mussel-epibiont associations reflected the preferential predation of the major local predators. Additionally, higher epibiotic diversity and evenness could be observed at locations accessible to benthic predators as compared with habitats protected from predation.
As blue mussels and seastars are important structuring and controlling elements in the shallow water community of Kiel Fjord, major consequences of epibiosis on the entire system are discussed.     

Urban fresh water resources consumption of China

From the point of view of urban consumption behavior, urban fresh water consumption could be classified as three types, namely, direct, indirect and induced water consumption. A calculation approach of urban fresh water consumption was presented based on the theory of urban basic material consumption and the input-output method, which was utilized to calculate urban fresh water consumption of China, and to analyze its structural change and causes. The results show that the total urban fresh water consumption increased 561.7×10⁹m³, and the proportion to the total national fresh water resources increased by 20 percentage points from 1952 to 2005. The proportion of direct and induced water consumption had been continuously rising, and it increased by 15 and 35 percentage points separately from 1952 to 2005, while the proportion of indirect water consumption decreased by 50 percentage points. Urban indirect water consumption was mainly related to urban grain, beef and mutton consumption, and urban induced water consumption had a close relationship with the amount of carbon emission per capita. Finally, some countermeasures were put forward to realize sustainable utilization of urban fresh water resources in China. Foundation item: Under the auspices of Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40535026)     

环境背景数据的分类编码与应用

以环境背景数据为研究对象,通过对语义时间、存储格式、记载介质、负责机构、专题信息等属性特征的分析,提出完整的环境背景数据概念;强调环境背景数据的分类编码,应侧重环境背景数据的发现,并着重讨论分类编码的贯彻实施应以元数据为标准载体,在统一的环境背景数据分类编码无法确定时,利用核心元数据中的关键字字段实现分类编码的间接引用,确保元数据标准对不同系列分类编码的兼容并包。     

张掖市国民经济用水的投入产出分析

引入投入产出方法作为分析工具,以黑河流域中游的张掖市为例,计算了各产业部门的直接用水系数、完全用水系数、用水乘数以及各产业部门间的水交换系数。计算结果表明：各农业部门虽然使用了大量的水,但是绝大部分水在生产过程中被嵌入农产品,并成为各产业部门间接用水的最主要来源;各工业和服务业部门间接消耗水资源的能力比较强,对本地经济的发展具有一定的拉动作用;在社会经济系统中充分循环本地有限的水资源有助于用水效率的提高。     

Fluid–structure interaction analysis of 3-D rectangular tanks by a variationally coupled BEM–FEM and comparison with test results

A variationally coupled BEM–FEM is developed which can be used to analyse dynamic response, including free-surface sloshing motion, of 3-D rectangular liquid storage tanks subjected to horizontal ground excitation. The tank structure is modelled by the finite element method and the fluid region by the indirect boundary element method. By minimizing a single Lagrange function defined for the entire system, the governing equation with symmetric coefficient matrices is obtained. To verify the newly developed method, the analysis results are compared with the shaking-table test data of a 3-D rectangular tank model and with the solutions by the direct BEM–FEM. Analytical studies are conducted on the dynamic behaviour of 3-D rectangular tanks using the method developed. In particular, the characteristics of the sloshing response, the effect of the rigidity of adjacent walls on the dynamic response of the tanks and the orthogonal effects are investigated. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同方法在感潮河段ADCP在线测流系统中应用的比较分析

在水力因素多变的长江下游感潮河段建立ADCP在线测流系统实时采集指标流速,可选用合适的方法推求断面平均流速,从而实现流量的实时报汛和整编。多元线性回归分析和BP神经网络具有原理明晰、实现便捷等特点,为比较以上两种方法在断面平均流速计算中的优劣,以南京水文实验站2014年以来实测数据为例,分析不同情况下两种模型的拟合精度和预测精度。结果表明,两种模型均具有较好的有效性、精确性和稳定性,且拟合精度与模型选用的监测指标有关;对于只采用单一指标流速而言,BP神经网络模型的结果明显优于多元线性回归模型。同时,两种模型都能较好的预测断面平均流速,其中BP神经网络适应更好。