Different crab species influence feeding of the snail Nucella lapillus through trait‐mediated indirect interactions

Indirect interactions are among the many important factors that influence the community structure of the rocky intertidal zone. Trait‐mediated indirect interactions, in which the presence of a predator or competitor can influence the relationship between two other species, have emerged as vital for understanding community dynamics. This study examined the effect of different crab species on the feeding habits of an intertidal snail, Nucella lapillus. Crab species were defined as being sympatric predatory (Carcinus maenas and Cancer irroratus), sympatric non‐predatory (Uca pugnax and Pagurus longicarpus), or allopatric predatory (Mithrax sculptus and Percnon gibbesi). Nucella lapillus were potentially exposed to risk cues from each of the crab species. Crabs were kept in perforated boxes, which allowed any chemical cues to be emitted but prevented direct contact. Nucella lapillus had significantly lower feeding rates in the presence of sympatric predatory crab species than N. lapillus exposed to either sympatric non‐predatory crabs or allopatric predatory crabs. There was no difference in feeding rate between N. lapillus exposed to the sympatric non‐predatory crabs and to the allopatric predatory crabs. Nucella lapillus in the presence of sympatric predatory crabs had a feeding rate of only 0.07 barnacles per snail per day, whereas N. lapillus housed with non‐predatory crabs and allopatric predatory crabs had rates of 0.11 and 0.12, respectively, suggesting that N. lapillus alter their behavior in response to chemical risk cues from local predators. These results suggest that the ability to detect and respond to risk cues is a selectively evolved trait.     

Changes in biotic and abiotic processes following mangrove clearing

Mangrove forests, important tropical coastal habitats, are in decline worldwide primarily due to removal by humans. Changes to mangrove systems can alter ecosystem properties through direct effects on abiotic factors such as temperature, light and nutrient supply or through changes in biotic factors such as primary productivity or species composition. Despite the importance of mangroves as transitional habitats between land and sea, little research has examined changes that occur when they are cleared. We examined changes in a number of biotic and abiotic factors following the anthropogenic removal of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) in the Panamanian Caribbean, including algal biomass, algal diversity, algal grazing rates, light penetration, temperature, sedimentation rates and sediment organic content. In this first study examining multiple ecosystem-level effects of mangrove disturbance, we found that areas cleared of mangroves had higher algal biomass and richness than intact mangrove areas. This increase in algal biomass and richness was likely due to changes in abiotic factors (e.g. light intensity, temperature), but not biotic factors (fish herbivory). Additionally the algal and cyanobacterial genera dominating mangrove-cleared areas were rare in intact mangroves and included a number of genera that compete with coral for space on reefs. Interestingly, sedimentation rates did not differ between intact and cleared areas, but the sediments that accumulated in intact mangroves had higher organic content. These findings are the first to demonstrate that anthropogenic clearing of mangroves changes multiple biotic and abiotic processes in mangrove forests and that some of these changes may influence adjacent habitats such as coral reefs and seagrass beds. Additional research is needed to further explore the community and ecosystem-level effects of mangrove clearing and their influence on adjacent habitats, but it is clear that mangrove conservation is an important aspect of managing tropical coastal systems.     

Modeling Study of Aerosol Indirect Effects on Global Climate with an AGCM

Aerosol indirect effects (AIEs) on global climate were quantitatively investigated by introducing aerosol-cloud interaction parameterizations for water stratus clouds into an AGCM (BCC AGCM2.0.1), which was developed by the National Climate Center of the China Meteorological Administration. The study yielded a global annual mean of -1.14 W m-2 for the first indirect radiative forcing (IRF), with an obvious seasonal change. In summer, large forcing mainly occurred in mid to high latitudes of the Northern Hem...     

夏季海洋性大陆区域气候与赤道太平洋中部型海温异常的直接和间接联系

利用1979-2015年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料、美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）的月平均降水资料（CMAP）以及英国哈得来中心海表温度月平均资料,采用2009年Kao等定义的中部型ENSO指数,给出了夏季中部型海表温度（SST）异常指数,并分析了中部型ENSO和海洋性大陆（MC）区域气候的联系。结果表明,当夏季中部型海表温度正异常事件发生时,海洋性大陆核心区域（中太平洋）出现显著降水和气温负（正）异常,此时海洋性大陆核心区域有明显的负（正）热源异常,大气受冷却（加热）而下沉（上升）,同时潜热释放之外的非绝热加热表现为负（正）异常,易于导致降水负（正）异常。海洋性大陆区域与中太平洋间主要通过水平环流和垂直环流建立联系。（1）中部型ENSO指数显著正异常时,在对流层低（高）层,海洋性大陆区域和中太平洋间存在由关于赤道的对称气旋性（反气旋性）环流对而形成的直接联系,并使得海洋性大陆区域东部辐散（辐合）偏弱,而海洋性大陆区域西部辐散（辐合）偏强。（2）在垂直剖面上,赤道中太平洋海表温度的正异常和海洋性大陆核心区域的大气异常冷却有利于促使该地区低层赤道西风异常增强并进而利于中部型海表温度正异常的维持,并由此通过反沃克环流圈促进海洋性大陆区域下沉运动增强。此为海洋性大陆与中太平洋间的直接联系,可由皮叶克尼斯机制进行解释。而位于中太平洋与秘鲁地区的异常垂直环流亦可用这一机制进行解释。海洋性大陆与中太平洋的间接联系主要表现在由赤道外低纬和中纬度地区均存在的沿弧形路径上的垂直环流而建立的海洋性大陆与中太平洋地区的联系上。这些弧形垂直剖面上的垂直环流不仅与局地哈得来环流有关,还与热带和中纬度的罗斯贝波动有关。这些结果有利于深刻认识中部型ENSO对海洋性大陆区域气候的影响机理以及与热带外环流异常的联系。     

微生物-矿物接触作用对金属硫化物溶解的影响——氧化亚铁硫杆菌参与黄铜矿溶解的初步研究

在表生条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的参与能够有效促进黄铜矿的氧化分解,前人研究认为微生物对黄铜矿的溶解有直接和间接作用,但相对贡献仍存在争议。利用透析膜将细菌和黄铜矿隔离,模拟对比了黄铜矿与氧化亚铁硫杆菌不接触和直接接触时的溶解行为。利用等离子光谱(ICP-AES)测定两种实验条件下溶液中Cu2+离子的浓度变化,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了两种条件下黄铜矿表面特征的变化和次生产物特征。实验发现在两种模式下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌均不同程度提高了黄铜矿的溶解速率;直接接触模式比非接触模式对黄铜矿氧化分解的促进作用更显著。     

震动液化间接测试技术在吉林西部砂土地层中的应用

鉴于目前常用的剪切波速测试法、液性指数法和原位测试法等进行砂土震动液化的复判方法存在弊端,本文提出标准贯入击数--锥尖阻力复判法( qc--N 复判法) 及瑞利波法等间接测试击数的方法进行砂土震动液化判别。通过理论计算及实例验证表明,判别结果与相对密度法测得结果一致,同时具有工作效率高、生产成本低的优点,有较高的实际应用价值。     

地貌灾害间接经济损失评估——以泥石流灾害为例

泥石流是地貌灾害的一种主要类型,泥石流灾害损失目前还无法准确统计,其一是因为对灾害损失的统 计还没有分灾种细化,往往是按大类例如地质灾害甚至是按总类自然灾害来统计;其二是因为灾害损失统计也即 灾情定量评估本身还存在一些科学技术问题尚未解决。灾害损失中的直接经济损失评估只是技术问题,而间接经 济损失评估不仅涉及到技术问题,更重要的是尚有一些科学问题仍未解决。因此,目前还没有一种普遍认同的灾害 间接经济损失评估方法。本文提出了两种方法,调查分析法：理论上可行,操作上困难,实际上只是一种设计方案; 比例系数法：操作上可行,经验成分多,仍然是一种比较粗略的方法。就目前灾害研究水平和防灾减灾实际需要来 考虑,比例系数法仍不失为一种有实用价值的灾害间接经济损失的评估方法。     

基于参考图像的行星遥感图像自动几何精纠正

针对行星多探测任务获取的海量遥感数据,提出一种基于现有参考图像匹配策略优化的自动几何精纠正技术方案。考虑到某些新传感器图像与已有参考图像的分辨率相差较大,提出了利用中间分辨率图像作为过渡的间接匹配策略;另外,针对月球和火星典型探测任务的遥感图像给出了相应参考图像的选取方法。选取嫦娥一号(CE-1)、嫦娥二号(CE-2)CCD图像和火星高解析度科学实验成像照相机(HiRISE)图像进行实验。针对CE-1和CE-2图像数据,选取月球侦察轨道飞行器宽角相机(LROC)图像作为参考;而针对HiRISE图像数据,选择以背景相机(CTX)图像为过渡、火星热辐射成像系统(THEMIS)图像为参考。利用自动匹配获取一定量的控制点,实现了行星遥感图像的自动几何精纠正。通过人工选取的检查点对纠正后图像进行精度评价的结果表明,所提出的自动几何精纠正方案是有效的,利用自动选取的控制点进行纠正后的图像定位精度明显提高,对月球和火星遥感图像的几何处理有实用价值。     

人为气溶胶对中国东部冬季风影响的模拟研究

采用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)的公共大气模式CAM5.1研究了人为气溶胶排放增加对中国东部冬季风的影响,同时通过对比中国东部地区不同人为气溶胶排放源的敏感性试验结果,探讨了人为硫酸盐、黑碳及总人为气溶胶(硫酸盐+黑碳)增加对东亚冬季风的影响。结果表明:冬季硫酸盐气溶胶排放增加的直接和第一间接效应减少了到达地表的短波辐射通量,引起了陆地地表和对流层低层降温,海平面气压升高,增加了海陆间气压梯度,使得东亚冬季风增强。其第二间接效应导致中国南部大尺度降水率减少;黑碳气溶胶排放增加导致到达地表的短波辐射通量减少和大气中短波辐射通量增加,其半直接效应部分抵消了直接效应,故地表温度变化微小且不显著。加热的对流层低层导致中国南部对流活动和对流降水率增加;总人为气溶胶排放增加导致的大气温度变化表现为弱的降温作用,引起中国北部对流和大尺度降水率减少,而南部对流降水率增加。总人为气溶胶和黑碳气溶胶排放增加是导致中国北(南)部的东亚冬季风增强(减弱)的重要因素。     

Numerical study of aerosol effect on three types of clouds and precipitation in Beijing area

Three types of rainfall (storm, moderate and slight rainfall) in the Beijing area were simulated by the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF3.2) model coupled with Milbrandt-two-moment cloud microphysics scheme, to explore the effect of aerosols on clouds and precipitation under continental and maritime aerosol scenarios. Results indicate that an increase of aerosols has various effects on clouds and precipitation. (1) The amount of surface precipitation is obviously affected. With an increase of aerosol concentration, the 48-hr total precipitation of storm and moderate rainfall decreased by 23% and 16.6%, respectively, and the 24-hr total precipitation of slight rainfall decreased by 14.0%. (2) The distribution of surface precipitation is also clearly affected. The average precipitation for a rain storm increases in most parts of western Beijing and decreases by more than 20 mm in most parts of eastern Beijing with increasing aerosol concentration. The average precipitation of moderate rainfall decreases by 0.1–5 mm in most parts of the Beijing area. The effect of increased aerosol concentration is weak for slight rainfall distribution in the study area. (3) With an increase of aerosol concentration, a narrower width and lower precipitation peak value are found in the storm rainfall, and its duration is prolonged for the high aerosol concentration. An earlier precipitation termination of moderate rainfall is found with increasing aerosol concentration. (4) The upper-air hydrometeors vary with aerosol concentration. For storm and moderate rainfall, significantly higher cloud water concentration and lower rain water were found under the continental aerosol scenario.