Uranium pollution of South African streams – An overview of the situation in gold mining areas of the Witwatersrand

During more than a century of gold mining in South Africa large amounts of tailings were produced, which now cover vast areas in densely populated regions. These dumps contain elevated levels of uranium and other toxic heavy metals associated with gold in the mined ore. Large-scale extraction of uranium from auriferous ore only took place during the cold war, leaving tailings with high uranium concentrations that were deposited before and after this period. Recent studies found elevated levels of the radioactive heavy metal in groundwater and streams, mainly attributed to the discharge of contaminated water from mines. In this paper the contribution of seepage from slimes dams to the uranium pollution of adjacent streams is analysed. Based on geochemical analyses of samples, field observations and long-term in situ measurements of hydraulic and hydrochemical parameters at selected mining sites across the Witwatersrand goldfields, the extent, mechanisms and dynamics of diffuse stream contamination by tailings seepage is characterised. Temporal and spatial variations of the process and the associated hazard potential are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

伊犁盆地新构造运动与砂岩型铀矿成矿关系

伊犁盆地新构造运动在地貌、断裂活动和地层接触关系等方面表现十分明显，通过构造地貌和构造年代学的分析方法，对其表现特征和运动特征及其与铀成矿之间的关系进行研究，伊犁盆地新构造具4个演化阶段：①始新世晚期-渐新世盆地新构造运动起始活动阶段；②中新世盆地南缘隆升、北缘差异沉降阶段；③上新世末-早史新世盆地新构造强烈挤压隆升与沉降阶段；④中更新世至今盆地新构造差异升降运动阶段，伊犁盆地新构造运动对区内砂岩型铀矿成矿在空间上和时间上均具有明显的控制作用，活动期次决定了铀成矿时间上的分段性，活动强度决定铀成矿空间分布的不均一性。     

东胜地区砂岩型铀矿床后生蚀变矿物分带特征初步研究

鄂尔多斯盆地北部东胜地区砂岩型铀矿主要产在侏罗系直罗组地层中。直罗组地层可分为上、下两段 :下段又分为上、下两个亚段 ,其中下亚段主要为容矿的灰色砂岩 ;上亚段主要为灰绿色砂岩、泥岩 ;上段为杂色的中细砂岩、泥岩。笔者通过对直罗组砂岩的镜下观察研究 ,在垂向上确立了岩石的后生蚀变分带 :直罗组下段下亚段为灰色 灰白色砂岩 (含矿段 )的绿化 (Ⅰ ) (主要为长石的绿帘石化 ) 碳酸盐化带 ;上亚段为灰绿色砂岩的绿化 (Ⅱ ) (主要为黑云母绿泥石化 ,也有长石绿泥石化和绿帘石化 ) 粘土化 碳酸盐化带 ;直罗组上段杂色细砂岩的褐铁矿化 粘土化 碳酸盐化带。主要的后生蚀变作用发生在灰绿色的砂岩中。砂岩呈现灰绿色的原因主要在于含较多绿色黑云母 ,而非绿泥石 ,其本质原因在于矿物中Fe2 含量较高。砂岩层中的后生蚀变现象与铀成矿作用关系密切。     

浙江199淋积矿床铀矿化类型及其特征

本文论述了产于寿昌 梅城中生代火山喷发带的 1 99铀矿床的基本地质特征 ,在分析其矿化类型和控矿因素的基础上 ,探讨了矿床的成因 ,认为该矿床由淋积作用所形成。 1 99铀矿床具有品位高、埋藏浅、易于开采和浸出 ,经济效益较高的特点。     

The acoustic signature of fluid flow in complex porous media

Effective medium approximations for the frequency-dependent and complex-valued effective stiffness tensors of cracked/porous rocks with multiple solid constituents are developed on the basis of the T-matrix approach (based on integral equation methods for quasi-static composites), the elastic–viscoelastic correspondence principle, and a unified treatment of the local and global flow mechanisms, which is consistent with the principle of fluid mass conservation. The main advantage of using the T-matrix approach, rather than the first-order approach of Eshelby or the second-order approach of Hudson, is that it produces physically plausible results even when the volume concentrations of inclusions or cavities are no longer small. The new formulae, which operates with an arbitrary homogeneous (anisotropic) reference medium and contains terms of all order in the volume concentrations of solid particles and communicating cavities, take explicitly account of inclusion shape and spatial distribution independently. We show analytically that an expansion of the T-matrix formulae to first order in the volume concentration of cavities (in agreement with the dilute estimate of Eshelby) has the correct dependence on the properties of the saturating fluid, in the sense that it is consistent with the Brown–Korringa relation, when the frequency is sufficiently low. We present numerical results for the (anisotropic) effective viscoelastic properties of a cracked permeable medium with finite storage porosity, indicating that the complete T-matrix formulae (including the higher-order terms) are generally consistent with the Brown–Korringa relation, at least if we assume the spatial distribution of cavities to be the same for all cavity pairs. We have found an efficient way to treat statistical correlations in the shapes and orientations of the communicating cavities, and also obtained a reasonable match between theoretical predictions (based on a dual porosity model for quartz–clay mixtures, involving relatively flat clay-related pores and more rounded quartz-related pores) and laboratory results for the ultrasonic velocity and attenuation spectra of a suite of typical reservoir rocks.     

独立分量分析及其在地震信息处理中应用初探

独立分量分析(ICA)是最近才发展起来的一种统计学方法，旨在寻求对非高斯分布数据进行有效表示，使得各个分量在统计学上独立，或者尽最大可能地独立。许多应用中，这种表示意在获取数据的基本结构，包括特征提取和信号分离。本文给出ICA的基本理论和快速算法，并对FastICA稍作改进，在分析地震信号特点的基础上，对其在地震信息处理中应用进行初步探索，表明ICA在地震信号处理中具有应用前景。     

Geochemical evidence for contribution of ore-forming materials from peraluminous granite basement —— Taking Fucheng pluton and No. 6722 uranium deposit in southern Jiangxi Province as examples

Source of ore-forming material is always one of the fundamental subjects in the study of mineral deposits. Recently, in order to probe deep sources of ore-forming materials, many interna-tional and Chinese investigators have paid much attention to the rel…     

副矿物的电子探针化学定年方法原理及应用

化学定年方法是利用电子探针分析副矿物中的U、Th、Pb含量而进行定年的一种新方法。基本原理是，假设可以忽赂矿物韧始铅，封闭体系中矿物的总铅含量代表U—Th衰变形成的放射性成因铅含量，即：Pb总＝^238U(e^λ238r-1) ^235U(e^λ235r—1) ^232Th(e^λ232r—1)，该方法可利用的副矿物包括：锆石、独居石、褐帘石、碘纪矿、铀石、钍石、晶质铀矿等。本文以华南西华山岩体漂塘花岗岩中的锆石为例，对该方法进行了尝试性的研究。分析结果计算表明，两颗锆石的平均年龄分别为143．9Ma和143Ma，与前人通过同位素方法获得的年龄基本相符。结果还显示，锆石颗粒从中心到边缘的年龄呈现从老到新的趋势。     

土壤天然热释光法在下庄铀矿田找深隐伏矿床中的试验研究

土壤天然热释光法是一种穿透能力较强的核技术方法,能探测到地下较深处的地球物理信息.文中简单介绍了土壤天然热释光方法的测量原理,探讨了该方法在寻找隐伏花岗岩型铀矿床中应用的可行性.对已知剖面进行土壤天然热释光测量,其结果表明该方法可靠,可作为一种寻找深隐伏矿床的方法.     

Visual Modflow软件及其在砂岩型铀矿成矿水文地质条件研究中的应用潜力分析

Visual Modflow是目前国际上最流行的地下水运动三维模拟软件系统包，由于它的系统化和可视化特点及强大的模拟功能，被广泛应用于各个领域。本文重点介绍Visual Modflow模型及其在砂岩型铀矿成矿水文地质条件研究中的应用潜力。