Metamorphic evolution of garnet-bearing ultramafic rocks from the Gongen area, Sanbagawa belt, Japan

Garnet‐bearing ultramafic rocks including clinopyroxenite, wehrlite and websterite locally crop out in the Higashi‐akaishi peridotite of the Besshi region in the Cretaceous Sanbagawa metamorphic belt. These rock types occur within dunite as lenses, boudins or layers with a thickness ranging from a few centimetres to 1 metre. The wide and systematic variation of bulk‐rock composition and the overall layered structure imply that the ultramafic complex originated as a cumulate sequence. Garnet and other major silicates contain rare inclusions of edenitic amphibole, chlorite and magnetite, implying equilibrium at relatively low P–T conditions during prograde metamorphism. Orthopyroxene coexisting with garnet shows bell‐shaped Al zoning with a continuous decrease of Al from the core towards the rim, consistent with rims recording peak metamorphic conditions. Estimated P–T conditions using core and rim compositions of orthopyroxene are 1.5–2.4 GPa/700–800 °C and 2.9–3.8 GPa/700–810 °C, respectively, implying a high P/T gradient (> 3.1 GPa/100 °C) during prograde metamorphism. The presence of relatively low P–T conditions at an early stage of metamorphism and the steep P/T gradient together trace a concave upwards P–T path that shows increasing P/T with higher T, similar to P–T paths reported from other UHP metamorphic terranes. These results suggest either (1) down dragging of hydrated mantle cumulate parallel to the slab–wedge interface in the subduction zone by mechanical coupling with the subducting slab or (2) ocean floor metamorphism and/or serpentinization at early stage of subduction of oceanic lithosphere and ensuing HP–UHP prograde metamorphism.     

The pressure dependence of the zirconium-in-rutile thermometer

The solubility of ZrO₂ in rutile is strongly temperature-dependent and has been identified as a potentially powerful thermometer when the rutile coexists with an appropriate buffer assemblage, e.g. zircon + quartz. In combination with experimental data at 10 kbar, previous consideration of data on natural rutile has not identified a pressure dependence for the thermometer. However, the expected volume change as a result of substitution of the larger Zr⁴⁺ cation for Ti⁴⁺ suggests that the Zr content of rutile should decrease with increasing pressure. To investigate the pressure dependence of the thermometer, piston cylinder (at 10, 20 & 30 kbar) and 1 atm furnace experiments were performed in the system ZrO₂-TiO₂-SiO₂. The solubility of ZrO₂ in rutile, in the presence of zircon and quartz was reversed at each pressure value. From these experiments, the thermodynamics of the end-member reaction ZrSiO₄ = SiO₂ + ZrO₂ (in rutile) have been determined. There is a secondary pressure effect accompanying the primary temperature dependence of the Zr content of rutile. New thermometer equations are, in the α -quartz field: in the β -quartz field and in the coesite field in which φ is ppm Zr, P is in kbar and R is the gas constant, 0.0083144 kJ K⁻¹. Thermometric results using these equations are shown for a range of geological settings.     

煤层气在煤储层中的扩散及其影响因素

煤层气在煤储层中的扩散是指从煤基质孔隙表面上解吸的煤层气运移到割理系统的主要过程。发生扩散的前提条件是气体浓度差的出现，衡量扩散能力大小的重要参数是扩散系数。前者为由解吸速度、解吸气量和煤层气产量、井孔压力降等因素控制的动态参数，而后者为主要受扩散物质性质、扩散介质特征、扩散系统的温度、压力和孔隙结构形态等因素影响的静态参数。煤层气在煤储层中的扩散量与煤层气浓度差和扩散系数呈正比关系。     

某核反应堆预选区含水介质渗透性变化特征

在简要介绍预选区水文地质条件基础上,主要通过压水试验、抽水试验等水文地质试验得出各种水文地质参数从而分析预选区含水介质渗透性变化特征以及地层渗透性变化规律。     

滑裂面形状对挡土墙主动土压力的影响

滑裂面的准确选取对挡土墙稳定性分析有重要影响。基于塑性极限分析理论,分别推导了直线和对数螺旋线滑移模式下挡土墙主动土压力的计算公式,通过算例对比分析研究了平面滑裂面和对数螺旋滑裂面主动土压力的特点。研究结果表明:直线滑裂面为对数螺旋滑裂面的一种特例,随着滑裂面曲率增大,主动土压力合力作用点逐渐上移,主动土压力合力略有增加,但对墙趾的弯矩显著增加,不利于挡土墙稳定性;挡土墙各参数对直线滑裂面主动土压力合力作用点有不同影响,随着填土内摩擦角、挡墙倾角、填土倾角的增大而上移,随着墙土间摩擦角、黏聚力与容重挡土墙高度的乘积之比的增大而下移,合力作用点位置大致在0.2~0.4倍墙高处,说明主动土压力的非线性分布。研究结果对准确选取滑裂面形状计算挡土墙主动土压力有实际工程应用价值。     

Experimental study on pore water pressure dissipation of mucky soil

Pore water pressure has an important influence on mechanical properties of soil. The authors studied the characteristics of pore water pressure dissipating of mucky soil under consolidated-drained condition by using refitted triaxial instrument and analyzed the variation of pore pressure coefficient with consolidation pressure. The results show that the dissipating of pore water pressure behaves in different ways depends on different styles of loading. What is more, the pore water pressure coefficient of mucky soil is less than 1. As the compactness of soil increases and moisture content reduces, the value of B reduces. There is a staggered dissipating in the process of consolidation, in which it is a mutate point when U/P is 80%. It is helpful to establish the pore water pressure model and study the strength-deformation of soil in process of consolidation.     

轻放工作面坚硬顶板初次放顶矿压研究

针对柴里煤矿374①综放工作面坚硬顶板初次放顶难的问题,采取了强制放顶措施,同时进行矿压观测,了解初次放顶过程中矿压显现规律,采取有效安全措施,减少初次放顶带来的危害。     

地球磁层顶磁场重联的动力学过程

用三维可压缩MHD数值模拟研究了在磁场重联过程中电子压力梯度项的效应研究结果发现在较高等离子体β,较小离子惯性尺度条件下,广义欧姆定理中压力梯度项在重联过程的作用不可忽略.在磁重联过程中,压力梯度项虽然没有明显改变磁场拓扑结构和重联速度,但它使电子和离子速度明显增大.由于在离子惯性尺度下,离子和电子运动解耦,电子是电流的主要载流子,所以场向电流也增大,并导致核心磁场明显增大.考虑到场向电流是磁层电离层耦合的一个重要因素,所以电子压力梯度项的引入加强了行星际磁场南向期间磁层电离层的耦合.电子压力梯度项还在重联区激发了波动,该波动可向重联区外传播.     

岩石变形、流体压力与热液成矿关系的研究现状

地壳中岩石的变形模式受构造应力、流体压力和上覆岩层重力共同作用的影响。岩石组成和构造应力的大小、方向决定着岩石的变形过程,同时岩石的破裂还受先存断裂构造的影响。流体压力增大,岩石可以发生水力破裂,而引起水力引张破裂的条件是σ1-σ3<4T和Pf=σ3+T。随着深度的增加,受地温梯度的影响,岩石由脆性变形向韧性变形转变。在无流体超压影响的情况下,脆韧性转换的温度在300~450℃之间,大约在地壳15km处。当流体压力和应变速率增大时,韧性条件下的岩石变形行为由韧性向脆性变化,脆韧性转变的深度随之增大。从构造角度探讨热液成矿作用,热液矿床形成的深度与流体压力、应变速率、裂隙的发育、介质的渗透率、温度变化等相关。岩石断裂的类型和方向影响岩石的渗透率,提供流体运移的通道和聚集场所,控制矿床形成的深度、位置和矿体产状。     

pCO2 and carbon fluxes across sea-air interface in the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay

Partial pressure of CO2(pCO2) was investigated in the Changjiang(Yangtze River) Estuary,Hangzhou Bay and their adjacent areas during a cruise in August 2004,China.The data show that pCO2 in surface waters of the studied area was higher than that in the atmosphere with only exception of a patch east of Zhoushan Archipelago.The pCO2 varied from 168 to 2 264 μatm,which fell in the low range compared with those of other estuaries in the world.The calculated sea-air CO2 fluxes decreased offshore and varied from -10.0 to 88.1 mmol m-2 d-1 in average of 24.4 ± 16.5 mmol m-2 d-1.Although the area studied was estimated only 2 × 104 km2,it emitted(5.9 ± 4.0) × 103 tons of carbon to the atmosphere every day.The estuaries and their plumes must be further studied for better understanding the role of coastal seas playing in the global oceanic carbon cycle.