Petrology and geothermobarometry of granulite facies metapelites from the Hisøy-Torungen area, south Norway: new data on the Sveconorvegian P–T–t path of the Bamble sector

ABSTRACT The high-grade rocks (metapelite, quartzite, metagabbro) of the Hisøy-Torungen area represent the south-westernmost exposures of granulites in the Proterozoic Bamble sector, south Norway. The area is isoclinally folded and a metamorphic P–T–t path through four successive stages (M1-M4) is recognized. Petrological evidence for a prograde metamorphic event (M1) is obtained from relict staurolite + chlorite + albite, staurolite + hercynite + ilmenite, cordierite + sillimanite, fine-grained felsic material + quartz and hercynite + biotite ± sillimanite within metapelitic garnet. The phase relations are consistent with a pressure of 3.6 ± 0.5 kbar and temperatures up to 750–850°C. M1 is connected to the thermal effect of the gabbroic intrusions prior to the main (M2) Sveconorwegian granulite facies metamorphism. The main M2 granulite facies mineral assemblages (quartz+ plagioclase + K-feldspar + garnet + biotite ± sillimanite) are best preserved in the several-metre-wide Al-rich metapelites, which represent conditions of 5.9–9.1 kbar and 790–884°C. These P–T conditions are consistent with a temperature increase of 80–100°C relative to the adjacent amphibolite facies terranes. No accompanying pressure variations are recorded. Up to 1-mm-wide fine-grained felsic veinlets appear in several units and represent remnants of a former melt formed by the reaction: Bt + Sil + Qtz→Grt + lq. This dehydration reaction, together with the absence of large-scale migmatites in the area, suggests a very reduced water activity in the rocks and XH₂O = 0.25 in the C–O–H fluid system was calculated for a metapelitic unit. A low but variable water activity can best explain the presence or absence of fine-grained felsic material representing a former melt in the different granulitic metapelites. The strongly peraluminous composition of the felsic veinlets is due to the reaction: Grt +former melt ± Sil→Crd + Bt ± Qtz + H₂O, which has given poorly crystalline cordierite aggregates intergrown with well-crystalline biotite. The cordierite- and biotite-producing reaction constrains a steep first-stage retrograde (relative to M2) uplift path. Decimetre- to metre-wide, strongly banded metapelites (quartz + plagioclase + biotite + garnet ± sillimanite) inter-layered with quartzites are retrograded to (M3) amphibolite facies assemblages. A P–T estimate of 1.7–5.6 kbar, 516–581°C is obtained from geothermobarometry based on rim-rim analyses of garnet–biotite–plagioclase–sillimanite–quartz assemblages, and can be related to the isoclinal folding of the rocks. M4 greenschist facies conditions are most extensively developed in millimetre-wide chlorite-rich, calcite-bearing veins cutting the foliation.     

Crustal growth in south-eastern Australia—evidence from lower crustal eclogitic and granulitic xenoliths

Mafic and ultramafic xenoliths in a basaltic cone at The Anakies in south-eastern Australia are geochemically equivalent to continental basaltic magmas and cumulates. The xenolith microstructures range from recognizably meta-igneous for intrusive rocks to granoblastic for garnet pyroxenites. Contact relationships between different rock types within some xenoliths suggest a complex petrogenesis of multiple intrusive, metamorphic and metasomatic events at the crust/mantle boundary during the evolution of south-eastern Australia. Unaltered spinel lher-zolite, typical of the uppermost eastern Australian mantle, is interleaved with or veined by the metamorphosed intrusive rocks of basaltic composition. Geothermobarometry calculations by a variety of methods show a concordance of equilibration temperatures ranging from 880°C to 980°C and pressures of 12 to 18 kbar (1200-1800 mPa). These physical conditions span the gabbro to granulite to eclogite transition boundaries. The water-vapour pressure during equilibration is estimated to be about 0.5% of the load pressure, using amphibole breakdown data. Large fluid inclusions of pure CO₂ are abundant in the mineral phases in the xenoliths, and it is suggested that flux of CO₂ from the mantle has been an important heat source and fluid medium during metamorphism of the mafic and ultramafic protoliths at the lower crust/upper mantle boundary. The calculated pressures and temperatures suggest that the south-eastern Australian crust has sustained a high geothermal gradient. In addition, the nature of the mineral assemblages and the contact relationships of granulitic rock with spinel lherzolite, characteristic of mantle material, suggest that the Moho is not a discrete feature in this region, but is represented by a transition zone approximately 20 km thick. These inferences are in agreement with geophysical data (including seismic, heat-flow and electrical resistivity data) determined for south-eastern Australia. Underplating at the crust/mantle boundary by continental basaltic magmas may be an important alternative or additional mechanism to the conventional andesite model for crustal accretion.     

Fluid inclusion evidence for basement decompression during Permo-Triassic extension, SE New England, USA

Abstract CO₂-bearing fluid inclusions in strongly lineated but weakly foliated late Precambrian gneisses within the Hope Valley Shear zone of Connecticut and Rhode Island are of mixed composition ( X _co2± 0.1; 7 wt% NaCl equivalent) and variable density (0.59–0.86 g/ml) and occur mainly as isolated inclusions. Also present are dilute (3 wt% NaCl equivalent) aqueous inclusions which occur on healed fractures related to greenschist facies retrograde metamorphism. Isochores for dense isolated CO₂-bearing inclusions indicate pressures of 7.5–9 kbar at 500–600° C, the estimated temperature conditions of peak metamorphism. Published ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar hornblende plateau age spectra indicate cooling through about 500° C at 265 ± 5 Ma. Isochores for low-density CO₂-bearing inclusions and aqueous inclusions intersect at the conditions of retrograde metamorphism (325–400° C) and indicate pressures of 3–4 kbar. Published ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar biotite plateau ages indicate cooling through about 300° C at 250 ± 5 Ma. These data define a P–T uplift curve for the region which is convex towards the temperature axis and indicate uplift rates between 0.4 and 3.3 mm/year in Permian time. Exhumation of basement gneisses was coeval with normal (west-down) motion along the regional basement–cover contact (Honey Hill–Lake Char–Willimantic fault system), and is interpreted as due to post-orogenic extensional collapse of the Alleghanian orogeny.     

Endogreisen, brecciation and fluid activity at the Mount Bischoff Sn-deposit, north-west Tasmania, Australia

Abstract Endogreisens which replace K-feld-spar-quartz dykes in a Devonian (360 Ma) tin deposit at Mt Bischoff, north-west Tasmania, formed from the interaction of unusual solutions, probably derived from an underlying leucogranite pluton, porphyry dykes and limited quantities of local dolomitic country rock components. The intensity of greisenization and pH of the solutions increase inward to the greisenized dykes'cores and downward. The following types of greisen assemblages indicate increasing degrees of greisenization: 'sericite'muscovite + quartz ± tourmaline ± fluorite, topaz + quartz ± tourmaline ± fluorite, weberite, prosopite, ralstonite, Ca-ralstonite; and quartz ± topaz ± fluorite. Where the solutions interacted with dolomite, exogreisens consisting of topaz- or tourmaline-bearing assemblages were formed. The greisens were subsequently overprinted to varying degrees by siderite, sulphides and hydrous silicates (talc, serpentine, chlorite, micas).
The temperature during greisenization ranged from 180 to 414°C, based on fluid inclusions in topaz, quartz, fluorite, sellaite and cassiterite. The main greisen-forming event occurred at temperatures of 360±20°C. The fluids boiled intermittently. Their salinities ranged from 31.5 to 38.9 wt% total dissolved salts, consisting of Ca–K–Na–Fe–Cl±hydrocarbon species. Fluid inclusion data indicate that only 0.5–1.5 km of cover were present above this deposit at the time of formation.
The greisenized dykes were intruded by and intrude different stages of breccias. The breccias consist mainly of country rock and greisenized dyke fragments, with rock-flour and later tourmaline alteration. The Mt Bischoff greisen system is possibly part of a 'porphyry tin'style deposit formed at near-surface conditions (0.5–1.0 km).     

贵州锦丰(烂泥沟)金矿床含砷黄铁矿和脉石英及其包裹体的微量元素特征

贵州锦丰（烂泥沟）金矿是滇黔桂“金三角”目前已探明最大的卡林型金矿床。含砷黄铁矿是该矿床最主要的载金矿物,硅化及石英脉是最显著的热液蚀变类型。本文采用高精度电感耦合等离子质谱（ICP-MS）对含砷黄铁矿和脉石英及其包裹体的微量元素进行了测试,结果表明含砷黄铁矿富亲硫元素,并相对于围岩和上部地壳均强烈富集;亏损V,Sr 及高场强元素。同生黄铁矿也具有类似的特征。脉石英除亲石元素含量高以外,还表现为亲硫元素以及Mo,Bi 含量较高。但与上部地壳相比,绝大部分元素贫化。相应包裹体的微量元素含量普遍低于单矿物,但变化特征一致。结合矿物和包裹体的稀土元素分析,发现脉石英和含砷黄铁矿及其包裹体均表现为HFSE明显亏损,Th/La,Nb/La 比值小于1,说明成矿流体为富Cl 的流体。含砷黄铁矿及其包裹体中Co/Ni 比值远小于1,反映成矿温度较低,推测成矿流体主要来源于以沉积建造水为主的盆地流体。     

Methane-rich fluid inclusions in skarn near the giant REE–Nb–Fe deposit at Bayan Obo, Northern China

We report fluid inclusion data for skarn, formed at the contact between Hercynian granitoids and dolomite of the Proterozoic Bayan Obo Group, in the vicinity of Bayan Obo REE–Nb–Fe deposit, Inner Mongolia, China. Three types of fluid inclusions are identified: two-phase CH₄-rich, three-phase liquid–vapour–solid and two-phase aqueous inclusions. Using microthermometry and laser Raman microprobe analysis to calculate isochores for CH₄-bearing inclusions, we estimate fluid trapping conditions at T=280 to 344 °C and P<1 to 2.3 kbar. Such conditions are compatible with formation of CH₄ inclusions as a result of reaction between graphite in the country rocks (black slate sequence) and fluids derived from magma. The lack of carbonaceous material in the inclusions supports the hypothesis that CH₄ was generated during fluid migration rather than by in situ reaction. In contrast to the skarn, and despite the fact that similar graphite-bearing slates are found in the host rocks, no CH₄-bearing inclusions have been so far reported from Bayan Obo REE ores. We therefore conclude that the skarn-forming fluids in the contact aureole of the Hercynian granitoids were not involved at any stage in the formation of the Bayan Obo deposit.     

贵州岩屋坪汞矿床有机流体成矿的包裹体证据

岩屋坪汞矿床是铜(仁)凤(凰)汞矿带内重要的汞矿床之一。对该矿床中的流体包裹体进行了研究,结果表明:矿床内存在多种类型包裹体,包括H2O包裹体、烃H2O包裹体、烃类包裹体和固体辰砂包裹体。气液H2O包裹体均一温度变化于82.4~176.5 ℃,流体盐度为13.40％~21.75％NaCl,密度主要集中在1.05~1.10 g/cm3,成矿流体属于一种高盐度、高密度的油田卤水。矿石中沥青和辰砂晶体常分布在同一微裂隙中,辰砂晶体中常捕获有沥青包裹体,沥青包裹辰砂颗粒,烃类包裹体和固体辰砂包裹体密切共生,说明有机质与汞矿化的关系极为紧密,为研究有机质在汞的成矿过程中的作用提供了重要依据。     

准噶尔盆地腹部地区生烃增压定量化评价——东道海子北凹陷为例

目前准噶尔盆地腹部地区超压演化过程仅提供了相对时间、概念、定性的认识,并未达到定量化。本文以东道海子北凹陷为例,基于流体包裹体、单井一维和剖面二维烃源岩成熟生烃史模拟技术,采用生烃增压模型定量化评价了侏罗纪八道湾组顶部和底部烃源岩的生烃增压演化过程。研究结果表明侏罗纪八道湾组为东道海子北凹陷主力烃源岩,具有幕式排烃的特点。八道湾组底部烃源岩经历了3 次超压增加和两次超压释放的过程,顶部烃源岩经历了两次超压增加和一次超压释放的过程。八道湾底部烃源岩3 次超压增加的时间分别为距今170～70 Ma、55～23 Ma、10～0 Ma,对应最大压力系数均为2.0,最大剩余流体压力50 MPa,两次超压释放的时间分别为70～55 Ma、23～10 Ma;八道湾组顶部烃源岩两次超压增加的时间分别为130～40 Ma、23～0 Ma,对应流体最大压力系数最大亦可达2.0 左右,最大剩余流体压力44 MPa,超压释放的时间为40～23 Ma。     

阿尔泰大东沟铅锌矿的碳质流体及其成因

大东沟铅锌矿是阿尔泰南缘泥盆纪克朗火山-沉积盆地的块状硫化物矿床之一,在石炭—二叠纪同造山的区域变质过程中,受到热液叠加改造作用,层状铅锌矿体发育脉状石英和矿化。本文对阿勒泰大东沟铅锌矿区石英脉中的包裹体进行了详细的岩相学和显微测温研究,估算出包裹体形成时的物理化学条件,并采用激光拉曼、同步辐射X射线荧光(SRXRF)对流体包裹体进行了成分测试。结果显示,石英脉中的包裹体主要为碳质流体包裹体,多以面状、带状分布,最低捕获温度在209～459℃之间,密度为0.75～1.15g/cm3,最低捕获压力在110～540MPa之间。初步研究表明碳质流体的来源与同造山的变质作用有关,而与海底喷流沉积无关。激光拉曼测试结果表明包裹体气液主要成分为CO2和N2。SRXRF测试碳质包裹体中金属微量元素显示低Cu、Zn、Pb,而富集Au。     

河南省新县姚冲钼矿床流体包裹体研究

河南省新县姚冲钼矿床产于大别造山带,属于陆-陆碰撞体制的斑岩型矿床,其流体成矿过程可以分为早、中、晚三个阶段,分别以石英+钾长石±黄铁矿±磁铁矿、石英±钾长石+辉钼矿±其他硫化物和石英±碳酸盐±萤石组合为标志.热液石英和萤石中发育纯CO2包裹体(PC型)、CO2-H2O型包裹体(C型)、水溶液包裹体(W型)和含子晶多相包裹体(S型).早阶段石英中发育纯CO2包裹体、CO2-H2O型包裹体和含子晶多相包裹体,中阶段的石英则发育CO2-H2O型包裹体、水溶液包裹体和含子晶多相包裹体,在晚阶段的无矿石英脉中发育水溶液包裹体和少量的CO2-H2O型包裹体,石英-碳酸盐-(萤石)脉石英与萤石中只发育水溶液包裹体.早阶段流体包裹体的均一温度为277～ 380℃,集中于300～ 360℃,盐度变化于3.0％～10.3％ NaCleqv之间.中阶段包裹体均一温度介于185 ～ 351℃之间,集中在260～ 320℃,盐度介于2.4％ ～9.3％NaCleqv;晚阶段包裹体均一温度为139 ～245℃,盐度介于0.7％ ～6.3％ NaCleqv之间.中阶段多相包裹体中常见黄铜矿和其他透明子矿物,表明流体具有还原性、过饱和的特征,是矿石矿物沉淀的主要阶段.估算早、中阶段流体捕获压力分别集中于47 ～ 131MPa和26 ～118MPa,所对应的成矿深度分别约为4.7km和2.6～4.2km.上述流体包裹体的研究表明姚冲钼矿床的初始成矿流体具有高温、高盐度、富CO2的特征,同时预测了深部找矿潜能.