新疆阿尔泰克因布拉克铜锌矿床地质特征及成矿作用

克因布拉克中型铜锌矿床赋存于早二叠世花岗岩外接触带的上志留统-下泥盆统康布铁堡组黑云石英片岩、变质石英砂岩中。矿床的形成经历了夕卡岩期、热液期和表生期,铜锌矿主要形成于热液期。矿石中石英和方解石流体包裹体划分为H_2O-NaCl型和H_2O-CO_2(±CH_4/N_2)-NaCl型。成矿温度变化于146～448℃,在170℃、270℃和350℃出现峰值;流体盐度变化于0.2%～46.9%NaCl_(eq),峰值为1.5%NaCl_(eq)和5.5%NaCl_(eq);流体的密度0.55～1.19g/cm~3。硫化物的δ~(34)S集中变化于-8.4‰～1.9‰,峰值为0‰,表明硫来自岩浆。石英和方解石δD_(SMOW)介于-130‰～-79‰,δ~(18)O_(SMOW)值介于8.0‰～11.6‰,δ~(18)O_(H2O)值为-1.7‰～4.43‰,表明成矿流体主要是岩浆水,混合大气降水。方解石中δ~(13)C_(PDB)变化于-5.3‰～-1.1‰,暗示碳来自花岗质岩浆。成矿时代为早中二叠世,成矿作用与花岗质岩浆期后的热液活动有关。     

Structural controls on gold mineralisation and the nature of related fluids of the Paiol gold deposit, Almas Greenstone Belt, Brazil

Chemical analyses suggest that the metavolcanic rocks of the Almas Greenstone Belt (AGB), Tocantins State, Brazil have a continental affinity, possibly related to a continental rift environment. They were metamorphosed to amphibolite facies during a regional tectono-metamorphic event (D_n), retrogressed to greenschist facies assemblages and then hydrothermally altered within dextral strike–slip shear zones (D_n+1). Fracture sets related to D_n+2 intersect S_n+1.The Paiol Gold Mine is one of several mineralised zones within metabasic and meta-intermediate rocks of the AGB. It exploits shoots of sulphide–Au–quartz mineralisation that occupy dilational zones approximately perpendicular to an elongation lineation (L_n+1) within mylonitic foliation S_n+1 (S_n+1=S within the S–C fabric). The dilational zones probably formed due to dextral displacement on sinistrally en echelon C surfaces. Minor amounts of gold may have been introduced or remobilised during D_n+2.Coexisting primary and pseudosecondary fluid inclusions in mineralised quartz veins from ore shoots comprise a high-salinity three-phase type (Type II) and a lower salinity two-phase type (Type I). Homogenisation temperatures for Type II inclusions range from 200 to 410 °C and Type I from 90 to 320 °C. The inclusions and their temperature ranges are believed to reflect heat exchange and some mixing between the two fluid types under relatively constant ambient temperatures, but variable (though broadly declining) fluid temperatures. This took place late in D_n+1 in conjunction with greenschist facies retrogression and localised hydrothermally induced metasomatism.     

Mineral compositions and fluid evolution of the Tonglushan skarn Cu–Fe deposit,SE Hubei,east-central China

The Tonglushan Cu–Fe deposit (1.12 Mt at 1.61% Cu, 5.68 Mt at 41% Fe) is located in the westernmost district of the Middle–Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt. As a typical polymetal skarn metallogenic region, it consists of 13 skarn orebodies, mainly hosted in the contact zone between the Tonglushan quartz-diorite pluton (140 Ma) and Lower Triassic marine carbonate rocks of the Daye Formation. Four stages of mineralization and alterations can be identified: i.e. prograde skarn formation, retrograde hydrothermal alteration, quartz-sulphide followed by carbonate vein formation. Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) indicates garnets vary from grossular (Ad_20.2–41.6Gr_49.7–74.1) to pure andradite (Ad_47.4–70.7Gr_23.9–45.9) in composition, and pyroxenes are represented by diopsides. Fluid inclusions identify three major types of fluids involved during formation of the deposit within the H₂O–NaCl system, i.e. liquid-rich inclusions (Type I), halite-bearing inclusions (Type II), and vapour-rich inclusions (Type III). Measurements of fluid inclusions reveal that the prograde skarn minerals formed at high temperatures (>550°C) in equilibrium with high-saline fluids (>66.57 wt.% NaCl equivalent). Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes of fluid inclusions from garnets and pyroxenes indicate that ore-formation fluids are mainly of magmatic-hydrothermal origin (δ¹⁸O = 6.68‰ to 9.67‰, δD = –67‰ to –92‰), whereas some meteoric water was incorporated into fluids of the retrograde alteration stage judging from compositions of epidote (δ¹⁸O = 2.26‰ to 3.74‰, δD= –31‰ to –73‰). Continuing depressurization and cooling to 405–567°C may have resulted in both a decrease in salinity (to 48.43–55.36 wt.% NaCl equivalent) and the deposition of abundant magnetite. During the quartz-sulphide stage, boiling produced sulphide assemblage precipitated from primary magmatic-hydrothermal fluids (δ¹⁸O = 4.98‰, δD = –66‰, δ³⁴S values of sulphides: 0.71–3.8‰) with an extensive range of salinities (4.96–50.75 wt.% NaCl equivalent), temperatures (240–350°C), and pressures (11.6–22.2 MPa). Carbonate veins formed at relatively low temperatures (174–284°C) from fluids of low salinity (1.57–4.03 wt.% NaCl equivalent), possibly reflecting the mixing of early magmatic fluids with abundant meteoric water. Boiling and fluid mixing played important roles for Cu precipitation in the Tonglushan deposit.     

青藏高原东缘缅萨洼金矿成矿流体地质地球化学特征

缅萨洼金矿位于中国中轴构造带的中南段,青藏高原的东缘,赋存于金河-箐河断裂带次级断裂羊坪子韧性剪切带中本文根据对该矿床硫化物流体包裹体的氦氩同位素、硫化物的硫同位素以及与硫化物共生的石英的流体包裹体特征、成分以及氢氧同位素组成的测定,讨论了缅萨洼金矿的成矿流体来源及其矿床成因。结果显示,该矿床硫化物流体包裹体中的3He/4He变化较小,为0.69-0.82,显示了地幔流体参与成矿作用的可能性。而4He的含量变化范围较大,一般在2.19-10.62×10-6cm3STP/g(方铅矿除外)与3He/4He相比,40Ar/36Ar的比值则变化较小,一般为251-509。而硫化物的δ34S同位素变化范围在-1.8-2.2‰,平均值为0.5‰,说明硫的地幔来源。与硫化物共生的石英的流体包裹体的类型主要有富液相的盐水溶液包裹体、富气相的盐水溶液包裹体、三相CO2包裹体、纯液相CO2包裹体以及有机流体包裹体。成矿流体的氢氧同位素则显示成矿流体来源于岩浆水(或地幔流体)与大气降水的混合流体,本文认为,缅萨洼金矿的成矿流体为地幔流体与大气降水的混合流体,是渐新世印度大陆与亚洲大陆碰撞之后,该地区大规模走滑与剪切作用过程中,局部伸展作用的产物。     

共生黑钨矿与石英等多种矿物中流体包裹体的红外显微测温对比研究——以江西西华山石英脉钨矿床为例

西华山钨矿床是一个产于燕山期花岗岩中的大脉型钨矿床。已有百余年的开采史。但在矿床成矿条件和成矿流体性质等方面一直存在不同认识。作者利用红外显微镜及其它相关设备,对西华山矿床不同中段样品中的黑钨矿、锡石、绿柱石、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、石英和萤石中的流体包裹体进行了详细对比研究。结果显示,蚀变花岗岩中造岩石英只见次生气液包裹体,晶洞水晶中只有原生包裹体,而云英岩石英中原生、次生包裹体均较发育。黑钨矿中以原生气液包裹体为主,在早期结晶的黑钨矿中还有较多的硅酸盐熔融包裹体,而晶洞中的黑钨矿和水晶一样——只有原生气液包裹体。绿柱石中除了硅酸盐包裹体外,主要是气液包裹体(多为次生)。其它锡石、黄铁矿、闪锌矿和萤石等都只有气液包裹体(原生或次生)。研究结果表明,西华山钨矿床的初始成矿流体是一种岩浆——热液过渡性流体,尔后才演变成单一的热水溶液,在这一过程中黑钨矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、萤石和石英等矿物不断晶出。矿床总的成矿温度大致为700~200℃,压力约为160~200MPa。各种气液包裹体的盐度主要为5.0%~10%Na Cleqv。文中还对这些数据的地质意义以及对脉钨矿床流体包裹体研究和数据解释中的某些问题进行了较深入的讨论。     

Melt inclusions in eclogite garnet: experimental study of natural processes

Experiment with poikilitic garnet at 3 GPa and 800 °C showed dehydration melting of its mineral inclusions, which is accompanied by the growth of (sub)euhedral garnet crystals inside the inclusion and/or xenomorphic garnets replacing the host mineral. The newly formed and host garnets differ drastically in composition. The inclusion surface is complicated by specific wedge-like protrusions or thin branches composed of melt or its crystallization products. The above features have been discovered in polymineral inclusions in garnet from low-temperature (650 °C) eclogite from the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Canada. The inclusions are interpreted as the crystallization products of in situ formed melt.     

The origin of tin deposits in the Mount Wells region,Pine Creek Geosyncline,Northern Territory

Tabular steeply dipping cassiterite‐bearing lodes in the Mount Wells region are hosted by lower greenschist fades metasediment of the Pine Creek Geosyncline within the contact aureole of late orogenic granitoids. The latter are predominantly I‐type, but S‐type phases are developed near the sediment‐granitoid contact.

Quartz, cassiterite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite are the main minerals. Two types of lodes are present: (i) Sn‐quartz lodes containing 5–10 vol% sulphide minerals; and (ii) Sn‐sulphide lodes containing ～ 70 vol% sulphide minerals. At the surface, the former appear as normal quartz veins and the latter as hematite‐quartz breccia resulting from the collapse of original sulphide‐rich lodes as a consequence of volume reduction due to oxidation and leaching.

Two stages of quartz veining are recognized in both types of lodes. Cassiterite is present in stage I while stage II is composed of barren quartz with minor pyrite. Late stage III carbonate veinlets are present in Sn‐sulphide lodes. The lode‐wallrock contact is sharp with weak alteration effects confined to the fringe of the lodes. The alteration minerals include sericite, quartz, tourmaline, chlorite, pyrite and minor K‐feldspar.

Four types of fluid inclusions are present in vein quartz and cassiterite: Type A (CO₂ ± H₂O ± CH₄); Type B (H₂O+～ 20% vapour); Type C (H₂O+ < 15% vapour) and Type D (H₂O+ < 15% vapour + NaCl). Early ‘primary’ inclusions represented by Types A and B are present in stage I only and have a well‐defined temperature mode at ～300°C and a salinity range of 1–20 wt% eq NaCl. Types C and D inclusions are ‘secondary’ in stage I and primary in stage II and have a temperature mode at 120–160°C and salinities from about 1 to more than 26 wt% eq NaCl. Variable H₂O‐CO₂ ratios of Type A inclusions and homogenization in CO₂ or H₂O phase at near identical temperature indicate entrapment at the H₂O‐CO₂ solvus and define a pressure of ～ 100 MPa. The melting sequence of frozen inclusions suggests that the ore fluids were mainly H₂O‐CO₂‐CH₄‐Na‐Ca‐Cl brines. This is also confirmed by Raman Laser Spectrometry.

Oxygen and sulphur isotope data are consistent with a magmatic origin of the ore fluids. The δD values are up to 20%0 higher than those expected for magmatic fluids and probably resulted from interaction of the latter with the carbonaceous strata. This interpretation is supported by δ¹³C data on the fluid inclusion CO₂.

Fluid inclusions, stable isotope and mineralogical data are used to approximate the physico‐chemical parameters of the ore fluids which are as follows: T 300°C, m Cl～2, fO₂ ～ 10^‐35, mSS ～ 0.01, Sn ～ 1 ppm, Cu ～ 1 ppm and pH ～ 5.5.

It is suggested that fluids of granitic parentage interacted with the enclosing sediment and picked up CO₂, CH₄ and possibly Ca. The granitic phases became reduced due to this interaction and developed S‐type characteristics. Tin was probably partitioned into the CH₄‐bearing reduced fluids. At some stage the fluid overpressure exceeded the lithostatic lode enforcing failure of the carapace and the intruded rocks by hydraulic fracturing causing CH₄ and CO₂ loss resulting in the precipitation of the ore minerals.     

西藏多龙矿集区地堡铜(金)矿床年代学、流体包裹体、地球化学特征及其成因类型研究

多龙矿集区位于班公湖-怒江成矿带西段北侧、羌塘地块南缘,是我国近年来发现的最大斑岩-浅成低温热液型Cu(Au)矿集区。地堡是多龙矿集区最西南边缘的矿床,资源潜力巨大,有望达到超大型规模,但研究程度薄弱。本次工作对地堡Cu(Au)矿开展了锆石U-Pb测年、流体包裹体、地球化学等方面的研究,为推动资源勘查和矿集区成矿规律的总结提供理论依据。含矿斑岩锆石206 Pb/238 U平均加权年龄为111.2±0.4Ma(MSWD=0.67),与矿集区成矿岩浆活动时限一致,是矿集区重要组成部分。石英脉流体包裹体显示矿床主成矿期成矿流体温度集中于140~382℃,主要集中在240~280℃。成岩阶段石英斑晶中Ⅰ型包裹体盐度范围为0.2%~20.7%NaCleqv.,含盐子晶包裹体盐度为33.6%NaCleqv.和43.9%NaCleqv.;成矿阶段不含石膏石英脉Ⅰ型包裹体盐度范围为0.2%~20.8%NaCleqv.,黄铁矿石英脉Ⅰ型包裹体盐度范围为1.1%~11.1%NaCleqv.,石膏中Ⅰ型包裹体盐度范围为0.5%~9.3%NaCleqv.。对钻孔DNZK6428样品进行主微量元素测试并进行因子分析计算,结果表明F1、F2、F3代表成岩阶段,因子主成分为Y-Ho-Er-Tm-Yb-Dy-Lu-Tb-Eu-Gd-Sm-La-Ce-Pr-Nd-SiO_2-Al_2O_3-CaO等,F4和F5代表铜金矿化阶段,因子主成分为Sn-Sb-Ba-Fe_2O_3-Sr-|SiO_2|-Ni-Cu-U-In-Cd-Au-Zn。黄铁矿δ34SV-CDT值总体较为集中,呈\"双峰塔式\"分布,变化范围为-7.8‰~4.1‰,均值为-4.23‰,为深源岩浆硫,硫的来源接近地幔硫。矿床粒状黄铁矿Co/Ni比值为0.207~10.775,平均值4.39,脉状黄铁矿Co/Ni比值为0.353~23.155,平均值3.802,均为热液成因。矿相学与岩相学研究结果显示矿床具明矾石和硫砷铜矿典型高硫化浅成低温热液矿床的矿物组合,地堡Cu(Au)矿为高硫型浅成低温热液矿床。     

河南崤山金矿床流体包裹体及同位素特征

崤山金矿床位于华北克拉通南缘的豫西地区,矿体大多呈脉状产于断裂带内。成矿期可以划分为3个阶段:(1)石英-黄铁矿阶段;(2)石英-多金属硫化物阶段;(3)石英-碳酸盐阶段。成矿期石英中发育气液两相水溶液包裹体(WL型)和H_2O-CO_2包裹体(C型)。石英-黄铁矿阶段发育WL型和C型包裹体,它们的均一温度为300~393℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))为1.6%~11.0%,密度介于0.57~0.82 g/cm~3;石英-多金属硫化物阶段亦发育WL型和C型包裹体,它们的均一温度为261~298℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))为1.1%~11.8%,密度介于0.74~0.89 g/cm~3;石英-碳酸盐阶段仅见WL型包裹体,其均一温度为193~258℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))介于2.2%~12.7%,密度为0.87~0.97g/cm~3。成矿流体具有中高温、中低盐度、低密度等特征,属于H_2O-NaCl±CO_2体系。崤山金矿石英的δ~(18)OH_2O值介于0.7‰~4.5‰之间,δDV-SMOW值介于-47.8‰~-69.5‰之间。H-O同位素结果表明成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水。矿石硫化物的δ_(34)SV-CDT值为0.7‰~3.9‰,206Pb/204Pb值为17.391~17.728,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb值为15.420~15.577,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb值为37.420~37.923。S-Pb同位素结果表明成矿物质主要来源于花岗质岩浆。崤山金矿为中温热液脉型金矿,流体相分离和温度的降低是导致矿质沉淀的主要机制。