伊犁河谷2001-2014年地表温度时空分异特征

地表温度是地表能量平衡、区域和全球尺度地表物理过程的一个重要因子。为了辨析中国西北干旱区“天山湿岛”——伊犁河谷的地表温度时空分异,采用趋势分析法和空间数据统计法,探讨了2001-2014年不同土地利用/覆盖类型下地表温度时空变化规律,分析地表温度的时空分异特征及原因。结果表明：（1） MODIS LST产品的精度（平均R²=0.90）能够满足伊犁河谷地表温度时空变化分析的要求;（2）空间上,地表温度呈现出中部高四周低的变化趋势,高温区面积约占总面积的41%,低温区面积约占总面积的23%;时间上,伊犁河谷平均地表温度的年际波动较大,以2013年、2006年、2007年和2008年尤为突出;地表温度的年内变化呈现出单峰型分布,地表温度高值集中在3-8月,最高值出现在7月;（3）不同土地利用/覆盖类型下年均地表温度分布的总体特征为建设用地最高,稀疏草地、旱地等次之,冰川/积雪最低;（4）伊犁河谷地表温度变化趋势呈严重减少、基本不变和轻微增加区域面积分别占5%、37%和26%,以基本不变和轻微增加为主。伊犁河谷地表温度时空变化不仅受大尺度气候变化影响,还受土地类型差异影响,两者共同构成了不同地理区域及景观的温场格局,绿色植被对地表温度时空分布具有重要的调节作用。     

喀斯特城市植被覆盖度时空变化对地表温度的影响

随着桂林喀斯特城市的快速扩展、地表植被覆盖度的变化,城市热岛现象越来越明显。以桂林1989-2006年5景TM/ETM遥感图像为数据源,利用遥感归一化植被指数反演植被覆盖度Pv,利用Qin单窗算法反演地表温度ts,分析Pv空间和时间变化对ts的影响。结果表明,在空间上ts随Pv的提高而降低,呈明显负相关关系。在时间上Pv<0.2面积比例逐年增加,1989年7.8%、1991年15.2%、2000年20.7%、2005年21.1%、2006年22.7%;而Pv≥0.7面积比例逐年减少,1989年49.2%、1991年27.4%、2000年27%、2005年16.5%、2006年11.1%。其导致地表温度高于茂密林地表面温度的比率z>20%的高温像元比例逐年上升;而z≤10%的低温像元比例逐年下降,1989年28.9%、1991年25.4%、2000年23.7%、2005年22.2%、2006年20.4%。植被覆盖的喀斯特山峰呈现显著的凉岛现象,从而调节喀斯特城市气候环境。     

Partial derivatives of surface wave phase velocities for flat anisotropic models

Summary. Surface wave behaviour in flat anisotropic structures is first illustrated by performing an exact computation on a simple two-layer model. The variational procedure of Smith & Dahlen is then used to compute the partial derivatives of surface wave phase velocities with respect to the elastic parameters in more realistic earth models. Linear relationships between the partial derivatives for a general anisotropic structure and those for a transversely isotropic structure are derived. When considering waves propagating in a fixed direction, there are only four independent derivatives for Rayleigh waves, and two for Love waves. To avoid the lack of resolution in an inverse method, we propose to use physically constrained models. These results are illustrated by using a model with hexagonal symmetry and a symmetry axis oriented either vertically or horizontally. Quasi-Love- and quasi-Rayleigh-wave partial derivatives are computed for both axis orientations. Modes up to the second overtone and periods ranging between 45 and 130 s have been considered. Finally, anomalies of phase velocity are computed in an oceanic model made of 1/6 oriented olivine crystals with horizontal or vertical preferred orientations of the a -axis.     

南海北部深水区荔湾凹陷构造演化及其石油地质意义

荔湾凹陷北与白云凹陷相邻,南与双峰盆地（南海西北次海盆）相接,发育于洋陆过渡边界,具有独特的结构构造特征。选取荔湾凹陷为研究对象,在3D地震资料解释的基础上,以断裂特征分析厘定凹陷性质、构造古地貌恢复解析凹陷结构,进而指出古地貌恢复和构造演化对油气勘探的影响。研究获得三方面的创新性认识：①荔湾凹陷为洋陆过渡壳上发育的断坳,断坳作用占主导地位;②32Ma的底辟作用将荔湾凹陷改造为“四洼三凸”的构造格局,恩平组沉积期凹陷北部是一个连通的洼陷;③恩平组沉积期连通洼陷的古地貌有利于三角洲（烃源岩）的发育,背斜型圈闭的定型受控于32Ma的底辟作用,是荔湾凹陷油气勘探的有利目标。     

南极普里兹湾附近海域表层海流特征分析

利用第29次南极科考期间在普里兹湾海区释放的8个Argos漂流浮标所获的总计662 d的数据,对普里兹湾及其邻近海域的表层海流特征进行了分析,并和以前的研究结果进行对比,结果表明:普里兹湾西部和北部表层海流基本呈现向西的流动,说明此地区的表层海流以沿南极大陆的逆时针沿岸流为主。普里兹湾东部海流呈现先向南再向西或先向南再向北的流动,普里兹湾西北部海流呈现向南的流动。8个浮标平均流速在0.02—0.20 m·s~(-1)之间,最大流速为1.57 m·s~(-1),流速1.0 m·s~(-1)的大流速区主要集中在普里兹湾、克洛斯角外侧、达恩利角外侧海域,流速1.5 m·s~(-1)的大流速区只出现在普里兹湾、克洛斯角外侧两处海域。     

Knowledge diffusion from GIScience to other fields: the example of the usage of weighted surface networks in nanotechnology

This article demonstrates how the generalisation of topographic surfaces has been formalised by means of graph theory and how this formalised approach has been integrated into an ISO standard that is employed within nanotechnology. By applying concepts from higher-dimensional calculus and topology, it is shown that Morse functions are those mappings that are ideally suited for the formal characterisation of topographic surfaces. Based on this result, a data structure termed weighted surface network is defined that may be applied for both the characterisation and the generalisation of the topological structure of a topographic surface. Hereafter, the focus is laid on specific issues of the standard ISO 25178-2; within this standard change trees, a data structure similar to weighted surface networks, are applied to portray the topological information of topographic surfaces. Furthermore, an approach termed Wolf pruning is used to simplify the change tree, with this pruning method being equivalent to the graph-theoretic contractions by which weighted surface networks can be simplified. Finally, some practical applications of the standard ISO 25178-2 within nanotechnology are discussed.     

一种新的水面蒸发计算方法

本文应用相似理论,提出一个考虑自由对流和强迫对流相结合的水面蒸发模式,并用实测资料对蒸发模式作了检验。     

Temporal-Spatial Variation of Surface Suspended Matter and Controlling Factors in the Inner Shelf of the East China Sea in Winter

Based on the observed surface suspended matter in the East China Sea in February 2007 and June 2015, an empirical model was established using L1 b's band 4 data to retrieve surface suspended matter from the Moderate Resolution Imagine Spectroradiometer Terra imagery. The squared correlation coefficient is 0.8358, and the root mean square error is 0.4285 mg L-1. The model reflects the distribution characteristics of surface suspended matter in the inner shelf of the East China Sea. In this paper, the satellite images of the study area were retrieved in January from 2001 to 2015, and the monthly distribution of surface suspended matter were obtained. The inter-annual distribution of the study area is similar, and the concentration of surface suspended matter is higher near the shore than offshore. A large amount of surface suspended matter is transported southeast under the influence of Zhejiang and Fujian coastal current and Taiwan warm current. Only a small amount of surface suspension can reach the Kuroshio area. The surface suspended matter concentration changes obviously near the estuary because of the effect of differences in the flux of the Yangtze River. Meanwhile, winter monsoon, temperature front, El Ni?o events, and other factors affect the distribution of surface suspended matter in 100 m isobath to coastal water but minimally influence the distribution in 100 m isobath to deep sea.     

利用反射地震资料中的面波研究剖面浅部结构

本研究利用浅层反射地震数据中的面波信息反演提取近地表横波速度结构,取得了较好的效果。该方法在一定程度上可弥补浅部反射资料的缺失,进而提高近地表结构探测的可靠性,同时也实现了对地震资料的充分利用。     

HDPE蜂巢式固沙障研制与防沙效应实验研究

 采用先进的HDPE新材料制成蜂巢式固沙障来替代传统的草方格。研究发现:HDPE蜂巢式固沙障可以增大下垫面的粗糙度,明显降低了地表底层风速,进而减弱输沙强度,使流沙表面得以稳定。在格状沙障内,由于气流的涡旋作用,使原始沙面充分蚀积,最后达到平衡状态,形成稳定的凹曲面。下凹的深度(h)与凹面玄长(S)的比值为13.6/100~13.2/100,这种下凹的深度(h)与凹面玄长(S)的比值与传统有效的草方格（草方格为13.3/100）防沙效应相当,其二者流场特性也相同。这种稳定的凹曲面,对不饱和风沙流具一种升力效应,形成沙物质的非堆积搬运条件,这是格状沙障作用的关键。实验表明,选用孔隙度为40％、高20 cm的HDPE固沙障防沙效果显著。