非均匀地基中倾斜桩基竖向承载特性模拟试验研究

群桩基础中设计的倾斜桩基以其横向阻抗能力强等优势在港口、码头以及桥梁基础中得到了较为广泛应用。随着山区及不均匀地基土地区高速公路等基础设施的建设,在滑坡、斜坡变形体和不均匀地基上设计倾斜群桩桥梁基础的情况将会越来越多。由于倾斜桩基受力状态的复杂性,目前倾斜桩基础设计仍参考竖向桩基承载力计算理论,凭借经验进行设计。对此人们虽然做了许多探索,但仍未形成完善的设计计算理论和标准。为此,结合厦深客运专线某特大桥桩基选型研究项目,利用相似材料物理模拟试验,就倾角为0°～12°周边斜桩的群桩基础竖向承载力进行了试验研究。结果表明,竖直桩基的荷载-沉降曲线呈缓变型,倾斜桩基则呈陡降型;就倾斜群桩基础竖向承载力而言,倾斜基桩的合理倾角为8°左右;竖直桩基中角桩轴力最大,边桩轴力次之,中桩轴力最小,倾斜桩基中的中桩轴力最大,角桩轴力次之,边桩轴力最小;倾斜桩基桩身弯矩分布形式与基桩的倾角有关,当倾角达到12°时,桩身将出现反向弯曲段。基桩倾角的不同是导致倾斜桩基和竖直桩基竖向承载特性显著不同的主要原因之一。     

俯斜式混凝土重力挡土墙强震反应数值模拟

首先,介绍了基于OpenSees独立开发的一套用于挡土墙-土地震反应相互作用有限元分析计算软件RW_2DPS.据此建立了俯斜式混凝土重力挡土墙-土强震相互作用有限元模型.模型中,引入非线性有限元计算方法,选用多屈服面弹塑性本构模型模拟砂土的动力属性,应用零长度接触单元模拟墙与土体之间的接触特性,且采用一致耗能阻尼边界与速度边界条件.最后,输入随机地震动,进行挡土墙-土强震反应分析,并重点探讨墙背地震土压力和水平地震惯性力沿挡土墙高度分布规律.结果表明,墙背动土压力峰值出现在距挡土墙底约1/3墙高处;挡土墙背加速度具有放大效应,加速度峰值出现在挡土墙顶部;不同地震动作用下,加速度放大系数沿墙高分布规律不同,动土压力沿墙高变化规律基本一致.     

倾斜填土面朗肯土压力的计算及其强度分布规律

根据倾斜填土面时土体中一点的应力状态分析,采用应力圆图解法推导出倾斜填土面粘性土的朗肯主动和被动土压力强度的计算公式,把该公式视为关于填土深度z的线性关系方程和非线性关系方程两部分。通过对该公式的非线性方程部分分析可知,朗肯主动与被动土压力强度分布形态与填土面倾角β和内摩擦角φ两者的大小有关,因此分β > φ、β=φ和β < φ三种情况对朗肯主动与被动土压力强度分布形式进行了讨论,并绘制了土压力强度的分布图形,其分布图形具有非线性特点。其中在β < φ的情况下,主动土压力强度在一定深度z₂以下范围出现无解现象。最后将推导公式应用到某挡土墙实例中,对比分析表明,该理论结果与现场实测结果具有较好的一致性。      

Shaking table tests of steel frame with superelastic Cu–Al–Mn SMA tension braces

Shaking table tests are performed on a one‐bay one‐story steel frame with superelastic Cu–Al–Mn shape memory alloy (SMA) tension braces. The frame is subjected to a series of scaled ground motions recorded during the 1995 Kobe earthquake, Japan. The test results demonstrate that the SMA braces are effective to prevent residual deformations and pinching. It is also shown that the time history responses observed from the shaking table tests agree well with the numerical predictions using a rate‐independent piecewise‐linear constitutive model calibrated to the quasi‐static component tests of the SMA braces. This suggests that the loading rate dependence of Cu–Al–Mn SMAs as well as the modeling error due to the piecewise linear approximation can be neglected in capturing the global response of the steel frame. Numerical simulations under a suite of near‐fault ground motion records are further performed using the calibrated analytical models to demonstrate the effectiveness of the SMA braces when the variability of near‐fault ground motions is taken into account. A stopper, or a deformation restraining device, is also proposed to prevent premature fracture of SMA bars in unexpectedly large ground motions while keeping the self‐centering capability in moderate to large ground motions. The effectiveness of the stopper is also demonstrated in the quasi‐static component and shaking table tests. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of deformable connection for earthquake‐resistant buildings to reduce floor accelerations and force responses

This paper presents the development of a deformable connection that is used to connect each floor system of the flexible gravity load resisting system (GLRS) with the stiff lateral force resisting system (LFRS) of an earthquake‐resistant building. It is shown that the deformable connection acts as a seismic response modification device, which limits the lateral forces transferred from each floor to the LFRS and allows relative motion between the GLRS and LFRS. In addition, the floor accelerations and the LFRS story shears related to the higher‐mode responses are reduced. The dispersion of peak responses is also significantly reduced. Numerical simulations of the earthquake response of a 12‐story reinforced concrete shear wall example building with deformable connections are used to define an approximate feasible design space for the deformable connection. The responses of the example building model with deformable connections and the example building model with rigid‐elastic connections are compared. Two configurations of the deformable connection are studied. In one configuration, a buckling restrained brace is used as the limited‐strength load‐carrying hysteretic component of the deformable connection, and in the other configuration, a friction device is used. Low damping laminated rubber bearings are used in both configurations to ensure the out‐of‐plane stability of the LFRS and to provide post‐elastic stiffness to the deformable connection. Important experimental results from full‐scale tests of the deformable connections are presented and used to calibrate numerical models of the connections. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic assessment of damaged piloti‐type RC building subjected to successive earthquakes

Building structures damaged by a seismic event may be exposed to the risk of aftershocks or another event within a certain period. In this paper, the seismic assessment of damaged piloti‐type RC buildings was carried out to evaluate probabilistic retrofitting effects under successive earthquakes. First, a framework to evaluate the effectiveness of retrofitting was proposed, and then the proposed methodology was demonstrated with a structure retrofitted with buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs). For consideration of realistic successive earthquakes, past records measured at the same station were combined. Within the framework, a series of nonlinear time history analyses were performed for an as‐is model subjected to single earthquake, a damaged model subjected to successive earthquakes, and a damaged model retrofitted with BRBs subjected to successive earthquakes. In addition, fragility analysis was systematically applied in the framework for evaluation of effectiveness of the retrofitting strategy. The proposed framework was capable of quantifying the influence of successive earthquakes and evaluating the effectiveness of BRB retrofitting by considering the severity of the first earthquake damage and the hysteresis behavior of the retrofit element. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青藏高等级公路斜插式热棒路基降温效果数值分析

以青海共和至玉树高等级公路中的实际设计断面为模型,通过数值模拟研究斜插式热棒路基和斜插式热棒-XPS复合路基的降温效果。结果表明,在气候变暖背景下,两种路基在一定时期内可以降低其下部多年冻土温度,提高路基下冻土上限,但随着气温逐渐升高,两种路基反压护道下多年冻土中有融化核出现,并且斜插式热棒路基下多年冻土中及斜插式热棒-XPS复合路基填土中有融化核出现;增加XPS保温板,在一定时期内可以提升斜插式热棒路基的降温能力,使斜插式热棒-XPS复合路基降温效果优于斜插式热棒路基,且前者冻土上限始终高于后者,但对于增强其长期降温的效果并不显著。     

应用电阻率层析成像探测采空区、斜风井巷道稳定性计算

采用电阻率层析成像二维测量的方法,对河南省义马市义马煤业(集团)2×50MW跃进电厂采空区和斜风井巷道进行了勘探,获取了采空区、影响区以及斜风井巷道的准确位置.说明,电阻率层析成像二维测量的方法在采空区和斜风井巷道的探测中是行之有效的;煤矿采空区和斜风井巷道内在没有水体存在时,电阻率层析成像二维测量成果图中反映的一般都是高阻异常封闭圈.如果有水体存在,其异常则表现为低阻异常封闭圈.同时,根据该区的地质构造、地层结构、地面建筑的有关参数等资料,分析和计算了斜风井巷道的稳定性和安全性.结果表明,①主控楼受斜风井巷道的影响较大,是不稳定的,也是不安全的,必须采取妥善的加固措施;②主厂房不受斜风井巷道的影响,是稳定的,可以不采取加固措施.     

若尔盖铀矿区复杂易斜地层定向分支钻孔施工技术

在陡斜矿体上施工分支钻孔,不但节约钻探工作量,减少钻机搬迁、修路次数,对环境保护和提高地质找矿效果也有重要意义。主要介绍了用LZ型连续造斜器在易斜地层施工定向分支钻孔的技术和工艺。     

柴家沟钼矿复杂地层岩心钻探技术

柴家沟钼矿地层破碎、裂隙发育、蚀变多样、涌水、完整岩石坚硬,而且地质设计要求大部分为斜孔,钻探施工中遇钻孔漏水、坍塌掉块、进尺缓慢、跑斜严重等技术难题。从钻孔结构、冲洗液配置、护壁堵漏、硬岩钻进、涌水地层加重泥浆的使用、立轴式钻机斜孔施工注意事项等方面总结了钻探施工经验。