油气化探在石油普查勘探中的应用

70年代以来,一种新的勘探油气的经济、有效的方法——石油化探方法开始兴起。以吉林省延吉盆地和廊固凹陷的石油化探工作为例,阐述了石油化探在油气普查勘探中的作用,提出应采用地质、物探和化探相结合的方案,以提高勘探油气田的效率和效益。     

Isoprenoid alkanes with irregular “head-to-head” linkages

A lightly biodegraded crude oil from the Tolkinsk field (Upper Jurassic), situated in north-west Siberia, was found to contain a series of C₂₈–C₃₉ isoprenoid alkanes. Most of these components contain a pristane unit linked head-to-head with other isoprenoid units. The structures of these components were elucidated by mass spectral interpretations, comparisons with a synthesised standard and by reference to data published previously in the literature. These results extend the carbon number range, the variety of structural types, and the number of reported occurrences of these compounds in geological samples. These results provide further evidence for a contribution of bacterial cell-wall lipids to crude oils.     

On the maximum width of oil stringers under hydrodynamic flow conditions

An analysis is presented of the maximum thickness of a stationary buoyant oil-mass, trapped under an angled incline, when subjected to hydrodynamic, surface tension and buoyancy forces. For high water-flow speeds down the aquifer, with upward buoyancy forces dominantly combating hydrodynamic pressure, it is shown that the maximum oil thickness occurs at about 60% of the length of the oil stringer measured from the upward end. The length of the oil stringer then is roughly proportional to the square root of the oil-mass contained, as is the maximum thickness. For low water-flow speeds, in which buoyancy and surface tension are dominantly balanced (with only lesser contributions from hydrodynamic pressure), the oil length is effectively constant, whereas the maximum thickness grows proportionately to the 3/4 power of the contained oil mass at low oil masses, and proportionately to the oil mass at high mass values. As the water-flow velocity increases, the shaping of the oil stringer shifts from the small bubble form to the long oil stringer form. Analytic formulae are given to provide approximate methods from which to estimate oil and gas accumulations under more complex conditions.     

Phytogenic lacustrine sedimentation - oil shales in Neogene from Serbia, Yugoslavia

Lacustrine basins of Neogene age in Serbia were formed either in intramountain valleys-graben and half-graben structures or in the marginal part of the Pannonian sea during Oligocene or at the beginning of Miocene, lasted and ended at the end of Miocene or Pliocene. The formation of the numerous depressions of the Balkan Peninsula, due to tectonic activity, gave lake basins with alluvial, swamp and lacustrine facies. The cycle with these facies was repeated several times. The lakes are mostly meromictic, often permanently stratified (oil-shale). A high rate of sedimentation with thickness up to 2000 m is characteristic for many of these basins. In many lakes phytogenic sedimentation occurs, giving facies with coal and with oil-shales. In this paper only some basins with oil-shales will be discussed, e.g. Valjevo-Mionica, Jadar and Pranjani basin. The characteristics of Vranje and Aleksinac basin will be discussed only in general. The organic rich sequences (oil shales) are characterized by the thin lamination, preservations of fish remains and plant leaves and absence of bioturbation, which needed permanent stratification of water body and anoxic conditions. Paleoclimatic regimes at the time of deposition and diagenesis were warm, subtropic with the changes of humid and dry periods.     

中国油气地球化学理论研究进展

本文全面地,概括性地论述了目前中国在石油和天然气地球化学理论研究方面的现状和进展,包括非常规油气藏地球化学,油藏地球化学和天然气地球化学三个方面,其中,在非常规油气藏部分又分陆相低熟油气地球化学,高－过成熟油气地球化学（中国海相碳酸盐岩的油气生成）和煤成油气地球化学三个部分讨论。     

三肇凹陷扶余油层致密油资源评价与参数研究

松辽盆地三肇凹陷扶余油层发育河流-浅水三角洲环境下形成的低渗透致密砂岩储集层,已发现的探明储量以常规砂岩储层中的岩性油藏为主。剩余资源以赋存于孔隙度小于10%、渗漏率小于1×10^-3 μm²储集层中的致密油为主。本文分析三肇凹陷扶余油层致密油成藏条件,采用致密油的资源评价方法(小面元容积法、资源丰度类比法及EUR类比法)对研究区源下致密油资源进行评价,并初步估算青山口组一段泥岩的生烃量,获取了泉四段致密油的地质资源量、运聚系数、最终可采资源量、可采系数、地质资源丰度和可采资源丰度等关键参数,这类参数代表了松辽盆地源下致密油资源评价的关键参数,对评价其它地区相同类型的致密油具有借鉴意义。     

吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组烃源岩评价及页岩油富集条件探讨

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组为一套优质陆相烃源岩, 是我国当前页岩油气研究的热点地区之一.基于吉木萨尔凹陷18口井芦草沟组约为580 m岩心观察、薄片观察、地球化学测试等数据, 对芦草沟组烃源岩岩石类型、地球化学特征等方面开展了研究与评价, 结果表明: 1)芦草沟组烃源岩整体上为优质烃源岩, 且以Ⅰ-Ⅱ型有机质类型为主, 处于低熟至成熟阶段; 2)烃源岩主要划分为5种类型, 包括纯页岩、白云质页岩、纯泥岩, 白云质泥岩和粉砂质泥岩, 其有机质类型和丰度存在一定差异.综合研究得出, 吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组优质有效烃源岩的有机质丰度下限值为2.0%, 并认为TOC≥2.0%的烃源岩段也是该区页岩油发育的有利层段.     

氧化还原障在热液铀矿成矿中的作用

铀是变价元素,氧化还原条件控制铀的迁移和沉淀。铀在氧化环境中呈U~(6+)形式存在,在还原条件下则以U~(4+)形式存在。氧化态六价铀主要以可溶的碳酸铀酰/氟化铀酰络合物形式在水溶液中迁移,还原态四价铀主要以沥青铀矿和铀石等形式富集沉淀成矿。热液铀矿的形成需要一对空间上密切共生的氧化障/氧化剂和还原障/还原剂,二者缺一不可。首先,氧化障中氧化剂将富铀岩石中的铀大量氧化形成U~(6+),溶解进入水溶液迁移;第二,高氧化性富铀溶液遇到还原障,U~(6+)还原成U~(4+)沉淀下来,富集形成铀矿。前人虽然对铀的地球化学性质及氧化还原反应在铀成矿中作用已比较了解,但如何在实际铀矿成矿系统中准确识别氧化还原障,有效利用氧化还原障的控矿机理指导找矿,还存在一些模糊认识,制约了铀成矿理论的发展和找矿方法的提升。本文以我国最重要的砂岩型铀矿、火山岩型铀矿、花岗岩型铀矿和变质型铀矿为例,总结了与铀矿化有关的氧化还原障的主要类型,探讨了红层等蒸发盐地层(氧化障),有机质、煌斑岩等中基性岩脉(还原障)与铀矿之间的关系及控矿机制,揭示了成矿盆地中铀-煤、铀-气(油)共生的机制,阐明了翁泉沟硼、铁、铀矿共生原因,建立了不同类型铀矿成矿模型。     

华北克拉通东部岩石圈破坏与幔柱的成因

华北克拉通东部是指大兴安岭—太行山重力梯度带以东的地区。该地区与东北及华南地区一样,也存在着岩石圈减薄和岩石圈破坏的现象。华北克拉通古生代与新生代的橄榄岩包体地热值分别为40mW/m~2和80mW/m~2,地热增高是岩石圈破坏的重要因素。中国东部—朝鲜半岛的GRACE卫星布格重力异常呈巨型环状展布,可能是地幔亚热柱所致。区内郯庐断裂带呈NNE向纵贯切割,最新的地震反射剖面成果反映,该断裂带以走滑为主,兼有逆冲和正断层,所组成的大型"花状"复杂断裂构造带,切穿地壳、莫霍面,直至岩石圈地幔,起到破坏岩石圈的作用。S波速成像结果证实,在苏鲁造山带下方,分布的碎块状波速扰动带延伸300km,应是中生代扬子板块走滑俯冲、断离、折返的产物;而在渤海湾盆地下方,下地幔也存在陡倾的破碎带,延伸300km,在岩石圈76km处及其深部,S波速降低,扰动很剧烈,可能是地幔柱头部呈粗大状的反映,故可认为渤海湾盆地是由蘑菇云状的地幔柱形成。再从华北克拉通的大陆根来看,东部为A型反时针pT轨迹麻粒岩分布,而中西部则为B型麻粒岩,这是因为东部新太古代绿岩带中赋存有科马提岩,其岩浆温度可高达1 600℃,如用幔柱构造模型解释成因最为合适。通过研究近年大量地震反射P波和S波层析资料,华北克拉通的东部在晚侏罗-早白垩世及新生代期间,受太平洋板块俯冲和地幔热柱上隆的相互作用,深部的地幔流体常沿构造破裂带运移,促使岩石圈拆沉,并发生热侵蚀作用,形成酸性大火成岩省(SLIP)、裂谷型盆地的广泛分布和成矿成藏作用的"大爆发"。由此认为,建立区域构造模型将有利于指导深部找矿工作。     

长春油田C区块双阳组二段油气藏特征及潜力分析

长春油田C区块双阳组二段是主要勘探层段,双二段划分出5个砂组,其中Ⅲ砂组和Ⅳ砂组是主要产油砂组。通过沉积特征研究,认为双二段为扇三角洲沉积。Ⅰ砂组和V砂组是扇三角洲前缘沉积,Ⅱ砂组-Ⅳ砂组为扇三角洲平原沉积,砂体的分布受沉积相带控制比较明显,砂体沿北西向展布。在明确该区地层沉积特征的基础上,开展了研究区油气藏成藏条件研究,认为大南凹陷具有供烃能力,双阳组是供烃层组,双三段暗色泥岩是区域盖层,17号断层及派生出的一系列近南北向正断层前期沟通油源、疏导油气,后期具有良好的封堵作用。C区块单井纵向上整体为油层-油水层-水层组合,上倾部位为油层,下倾部位为同层、水层。油水易于在构造圈闭范围内平衡,在-1 695 m形成统一的油水界面。双二段为一个成藏体系,整体为断块类型油气藏。低渗-中孔、低渗-低孔、特低渗-低孔储层是剩余油主要分布区,剩余油的形成受相控和构造控的影响,主要发育在河道储层中。