沐川地震成因探讨

通过对沐川沙湾间地质、地貌、水文地质和地震活动特征分析，认为该区3级以上地震活动与铜街子电站水库畜水有关。1993～1995年沐川西部连续发生的3次5．0级以上地震属水库诱发的构造性地震。     

SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT IN NANQIN RESERVOIR

In order to preserve the storage capacity of the Nanqin Reservoir for long-term service, several remedial measures have been worked out: (a) measures to control the upstream extension of backwater deposits and to prevent gravel bed load from entering into the reservoir, so that no armour layer will be formed; (b) sediment sluicing by density current to reduce deposits of suspended load; (c) periodical sediment flushing by emptying reservoir to restore the effective storage capacity. In addition, conceptions of flood plain elevation in reservoir, storage volume required in the routing of turbid flow (density flow), the storage capacity that can be restored after being lost by deposition, and the storage volume for sediment regulation are also discussed.     

Book Reviews

Committee on Protection and Management of Pacific Northwest Anadromous Salmonids Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest Cook, Ian G; Doel, Marcus A. and Li, Rex (eds.) Fragmented Asia: Regional Integration and National Disintegration in Pacific Asia Crush, Jonathan Power of Development de Blij, H. J., and Muller, Peter O. Physical Geography of the Global Environment Hayward, David J. International Trade and Regional Economies: The Impacts of European Integration on the United States Kennedy, Michael The Global Positioning System and GIS: An Introduction Lowe, Philip; Marsden, Terry and Whatmore, Sarah (eds) Regulating Agriculture Marsden, Terry; Lowe, Philip and Whatmore, Sarah (eds) Labour and Locality: Uneven Development and the Rural Labour Process Marsden, Terry; Lowe, Philip and Whatmore, Sarah (eds) Rural Restructuring: Global Processes and Their Responses Whatmore, Sarah; Marsden, Terry and Lowe, Philip (eds) Gender and Rurality Whatmore, Sarah; Marsden, Terry and Lowe, Philip (eds) Rural Enterprise: Shifting Perspectives on Small-Scale Production Martopo, Sugeng and Mitchell, Bruce (eds) Bali: Balancing Environment, Economy and Culture Ould-Mey, Mohameden Global Restructuring and Peripheral States: The Carrot and the Stick in Mauritania Redclift, Michael and Benton, Ted (eds) Social Theory and the Global Environment Thomas–Slayter, Barbara and Rocheleau, Dianne Gender, Environment, and Development in Kenya: A Grassroots Perspective Wallach, Bret Losing Asia: Modernization and the Culture of Development Wennberg, John E. Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care Wilson, David and Huff, James O. (eds) Marginalized Places and Populations: A Structurationist Agenda     

汾河水库以上流域径流变化与洪水频率分析

根据1970—2004年的实测水文资料,采用水文学及统计方法分析了汾河水库控制流域的径流量变化及其原因,同时还计算了不同重现期的控制站的洪峰设计值。结果表明,入库控制站静乐和上静游站丰、平和枯水水平年不同步,在20世纪70和80年代发生丰水和平水年份比较多,在90年代后枯水年份比较多,多干旱年份。水库控制流域洪水主要集中在7月、8月,同时极端洪涝和干旱事件出现的频次增多。以静乐站为代表分析降水对径流变化的结果表明,高强度降水在量级和次数上存在波动变化的态势,年径流的时序变化主要是受年降水量的变化影响。     

IMPROVED FORECASTING OF COLD AIR OUTBREAKS OVER SOUTHERN CHINA THROUGH OROGRAPHIC GRAVITY WAVE DRAG PARAMETERIZATION

The parameterization of gravity wave drag induced by sub-grid scale orography(GWDO), which has been used in the regional model based on the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for Tropical Mesoscale Model(GRAPES_TMM), is extended to include the effect of mountain flow blocking drag(MBD). The extended scheme is evaluated against non-GWDO parameterization, including a cold air outbreak over southern China and a monthly verification in February 2012. The experiment results show that the GWDO and MBD parameterization both improves the forecasting of the cold air outbreaks over southern China, as well as alleviations of system bias of GRAPES_TMM.(1) The extended scheme alleviates the strong southerly wind and high surface temperature simulation during the cold air outbreak, especially over northern Guangxi and Guangdong(NGG) province, where local high surface temperature simulation reduces nearly 5 degree.(2) The MBD parameterization improves southerly wind simulations over NGG, as well as surface temperature forecasts improvement over Guangxi, Guizhou province and southern Yunnan-Guizhou plateau(YUP), and low level southerly wind simulation improvement over intertidal zone over south China.(3) The formation of MBD is mainly in the mountain area(Wuyi, Daba mountain, east of YUP) and coastal area. The MBD over plateau, which is mainly formed at the west of 105°E, is stronger and thicker than that over Nanling mountain.(4) The improvement of GWDO and MBD parameterization is stable in model physics. MBD parameterization demonstrates more overall improvements in the forecasts than GWDO, and the larger of the model forecast error is, the greater improvements of MBD contribute to. Overall, the extended GWDO scheme successfully improves the simulations of meteorological elements forecasting during cold air outbreaks.     

宁夏扬黄灌溉对土壤环境的影响

本文在对宁夏扬黄灌区的同心县河草沟村的调查取样基础上 ,通过对灌溉地土壤灌溉前后以及灌溉地土壤与非灌溉地土壤之间的比较 ,分析了扬黄灌溉后 ,灌区土壤在盐分含量、土壤颗粒组成、土壤养分和土壤微量元素含量等方面的变化 ,以及这些变化对土壤沙化、土壤盐渍化和土壤环境质量等的影响。结果表明 ,扬黄灌溉在一定程度上抑制了土壤沙化 ,改善了表层土壤的盐分状况 ,提高了土壤肥力 ,但并没有彻底消除土壤盐渍化的潜在危害 ,也部分造成了土壤环境质量的下降。     

红山煤矿石门揭突出煤层综合防突技术

煤矿井下石门揭煤诱发的煤与瓦斯突出是一种十分复杂的矿井地质动力灾害,严重威胁着煤矿安全高效生产。选取辽宁红山煤矿为工程背景,运用FLAC^3D模拟分析矿井南翼瓦斯突出危险区石门揭12煤过程中围岩力学响应特征,揭示石门揭煤突出机理,提出瓦斯预抽措施配以改进金属骨架的综合防突技术方案。研究结果表明：石门揭12煤期间,工作面超前支承压力随石门掘进动态前移,距煤层6 m范围内,工作面前方围岩掘进扰动强烈,煤体出现明显应力集中现象,垂直应力为15~19 MPa,已超过煤体强度。同时,石门工作面围岩变形量急剧增大,顶板下沉位移为15~92.22 cm,煤体弹性变形能积聚;工作面围岩塑性区范围也迅速扩展,在石门中线垂直剖面上的面积为10~50 m²,裂纹贯通形成碎煤射流通道。综合模拟结果可知,石门揭12煤过程中煤体承载较高集中应力和瓦斯压力,且储存大量弹性变形能,极易诱发突出。基于此,在传统瓦斯预抽防突措施的基础上,对现有金属骨架防突技术进行改进,使其同时具备瓦斯预抽、煤体固化和超前支护的综合防突作用,并通过现场应用取得了良好效果,为类似条件石门揭煤防突研究提供重要借鉴和参考。     

深部切顶沿空成巷关键参数研究及工程应用

传统充填沿空留巷工艺繁琐﹑留巷速度慢,与现代化高强度开采要求不相适应,由此提出了切顶沿空成巷无煤柱开采新技术,其中关键参数设计是该技术的核心问题之一,对留巷的稳定性具有较大影响。以城郊煤矿21304工作面为研究背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验等方法,对切顶沿空成巷关键参数进行了系统研究。基于岩石碎胀自承特性和围岩结构“S-R”稳定原理,推导出切顶高度﹑切顶角度的理论计算公式;建立了聚能爆破力学模型,并结合数值模拟和现场试验,确定了聚能爆破装药量及钻孔间距。研究结果表明：合理的切顶参数能够切断巷道顶板与采空区岩层间的力学关系,使采空区顶板沿切缝顺利垮落,碎胀的矸石可有效支撑上覆顶板,限制其回转下沉,减弱覆岩运动对留巷的扰动作用,沿空巷道围岩变形量明显减小。根据理论计算﹑数值分析和现场试验研究成果,确定了城郊煤矿21304工作面切顶沿空成巷关键参数,并在现场进行了应用,回采后沿空巷道侧向顶板能够迅速切落形成巷帮,留巷稳定后各项指标均能满足现场使用要求。     

冲击地压煤层大直径卸压孔快速成孔关键技术

为了提高冲击地压矿井大直径卸压钻孔的成孔率和施工效率,通过对冲击地压矿井煤岩体应力特征、卸压孔孔壁扰动动力失稳特性及施工特点的分析,探讨了大直径卸压孔快速施工的关键点在于高效排渣、快速成孔提钻。采用具有1.25 m行程轨道、大通孔动力头的ZDY4000LR型钻机,优化了大直径卸压钻孔施工操作流程,形成了水介质螺旋宽翼片双动力排渣高效成孔工艺方法,并在河南义马矿区和陕西彬长矿区进行了现场试验。结果表明：该工艺技术能够安全、高效地施工大直径卸压钻孔,施工效率较大螺旋钻进技术提高了48.9%,成孔率可达到100%。研究成果对类似冲击地压矿区施工煤层卸压孔提供借鉴。     

白云母、高岭石矿物中羟基的o同位素分析方法研究

羟基矿物内部存在两种位于不同结构位置上的氧原子硅氧四面体氧和羟基氧,二者之间的Ｏ同位素分馏可能比任何共生矿物对都大,是一种潜在的单矿物同位素地质温度计。单矿物同位素地质温度计较矿物对同位素地质温度计有很多优点。准确测量矿物中羟基的Ｏ同位素组成是建立单矿物同位素地质温度计的关键。本文介绍了一种精确测量白云母、高岭石矿物中羟基的Ｏ同位素组成的新方法火焰加热真空脱水氟化法。δ１８ＯＯＨ的分析精度达到０３‰,羟基氧的提取率达到９９％～１００％。实验证明羟基矿物在高温真空脱水过程中不存在Ｏ同位素动力学分馏,羟基水