A Light Portable Steam-driven Ice Drill Suitable for Drilling Holes in Ice and Firn

The purpose of this contribution is to explain the characteristics of a newly developed ice drill which is particularly geared to the needs of glaciologists. It is primarily designed for drilling holes for ablation stakes and for measuring water levels or temperatures in firn areas. Its distinguishing features are its light weight, making it easy to carry even over long distances, and the variety of tasks to which it can be adjusted. Furthermore, it is easy to operate even by one person.
Water is heated in a boiler by two gas flames to produce steam, which flows through an insulated hose to a nozzle. When the valve is opened the issuing steam condenses, and the heat released in the process melts the ice. The heater is constructed in such a way that it can easily be adapted to any form of gas supply locally available. It can be used for drilling in ice as well as in firn. The maximum drilling depth is 13 m in ice and 30 m in firn; hole diameters range from 25 to 45 mm. Mean drilling time is 16 min for 6 m, 35 min for 12 m in ice. The total weight is somewhat less than 16 kg, including all parts needed for drilling holes of 10 m in depth as well as the gas supply for one day. In recent years, devices of this type have been used successfully by scientists in various glaciated regions.     

The Tarfala Mass Balance Programme

The Tarfala mass balance programme currently comprises seven glaciers distributed in two, one southerly and one northerly, east-west trending profiles. Of the studied glaciers, Storglaciären has the longest record spanning 1945 to present. The purpose of the programme is to study gradients in mass balance parameters across the northern Scandinavian mountains. The measurements of both winter and summer balance are carried out with significant redundancy each year. In order to maintain such a large programme with limited personnel, different measurement techniques and strategies are applied to the different glaciers according to a priority scale. Storglaciären is the most important glacier in the network and is measured with high accuracy and measurement density. Storglaciren is also used as a reference for all other glaciers in the programme. The other glaciers have sparser measurement systems and are sometimes measured using alternative methods such as snow radar. In general, Swedish glaciers are still responding to the major climatic warming around 1910–1920 by retreat, and the effect of very long response times. However, measured volume change indicates that most glaciers are close to or varying around a quasi-steady state.     

极区海冰密集度AMSR-E数据反演算法的试验与验证

海冰密集度是极区海冰监测的重要参数,目前分辨率最高的微波海冰密集度产品为德国Bremen大学发布的针对AMSR-E 89 GHz频段数据利用ASI算法反演的网格数据。为实现中国极区遥感产品从无到有的战略步骤,本文针对AMSR-E 89GHz频段微波数据的ASI算法,进行了插值算法、系点值和天气滤波器一系列试验。针对北极海区,着重对影响反演结果的主要参数——纯冰和纯水的亮温极化差异阈值,即系点值(P₁和P₀)进行了2009年全年的统计分析。研究表明,2009年北极纯冰和纯水的代表区域P₁和P₀年平均值分别为10.0 K和46.67 K;2 K以上的系点值差异引起的海冰密集度差别较为显著;同样的系点值差异在不同极化差异P取值范围对海冰密集度的影响也不同。通过统计确定的系点值推算并修正了海冰密集度反演公式,对2009年全年北极海冰密集度进行了反演,并与Bremen大学产品进行了比较。继而对白令海和楚科奇海12个晴空下MODIS可见光样本数据进行反演,以验证AMSR-E冰密集度反演结果,并对误差原因进行了分析。本研究反演结果与MODIS样本比对的误差略小于Bremen大学的反演产品,空间平均误差为3.84%,空间平均绝对误差10.83%。     

极地吊舱推进船舶回转性能的离散元分析

吊舱推进装置在极地船舶中被广泛应用,其转舵模块可以带动螺旋桨摆动从而产生任意方向的推进力,使船舶操纵更为灵活。提出了一种吊舱推进船舶冰区操纵的离散元方法,对具有吊舱推进装置的冰区船舶破冰过程进行了数值模拟。以“雪龙2”号破冰船为研究对象,计算分析了船舶定速直航时的冰阻力,并通过与Lindqvist经验公式的对比验证了冰阻力计算的合理性。在此基础上进一步对船舶在不同冰厚、不同吊舱转向角下的回转破冰运动进行了离散元模拟,分析了回转半径与船长比值随冰厚的变化规律。计算结果表明：船舶的回转性能随冰厚的增大而降低,并随吊舱转向角的增大而显著提高。     

中山站地区大气边界层结构和湍流通量的输送特征

本文根据作者随中国第１１次南极考察队（１９９４－１９９６年）赴中山站夏考期间，使用ＴＭＴ（系留式气象塔）观测系统，在中山站、冰盖和海冰等三个点上观测到的气温、湿度、风速、风向和气压等大气要素的廓线资料，利用相似理论的通量－廓线关系，给出这三个观测点上的动量通量、曳力系数和感热通量，在近中性条件下，中山站粗糙度高度为２．９ｃｍ，冰盖与海冰点二者粗糙度高度差不多，分别为２．８×１０－２ｃｍ和３．６×１０－２ｃｍ，曳力系数则分别为５．０６×１０－３、１．３４×１０－３和１．４１×１０－３。结果表明，即使在中山站地区这样一个尺度范围内，由于下垫面的热力学特性、地形、地貌、地势和地理位置等的差异，无论是大气边界层结构还是湍流通量等的输送特性都有明显的差别，因此南极地区的大气边界层结构和冰（雪）－气交换特征都是比较复杂的，具有很强的局地性     

Experimental investigation of sediment transport in partially ice-covered channels

It is important to understand the effects of ice cover on sediment transport in cold climates, where sub-freezing temperatures affect water bodies for a significant part of the year. The literature contains many studies on sediment transport in open channel flow, and several studies on sediment transport in completely ice-covered flow. There has been little or no research on sediment transport in partially ice-covered channels. In the current study, laboratory experiments were done in a rectangular flume to quantify the impact of border ice presence on the sediment transport rate. The effects of ice cover extent and changing flow strengths on sediment transport distribution also were investigated, and the results were compared to those for fully ice-covered and open channel flow. The ice coverage ratios considered were 0 (representing the open water condition), 0.25, 0.50, 0.67, and 1 (representing fully ice-covered flow). The partial ice cover was found to impact the sediment transport distribution within the channel. The effect of ice coverage extent on sediment transport distribution was more significant at lower flow strengths and became negligible at higher flow strengths. The conventional equations for sediment transport in open channel flow and fully ice-covered flow that relate the dimensionless bedload transport rate to the flow strength were found to be applicable to estimate the total cross-section-averaged bedload transport for partially ice-covered flow when modified appropriately. Empirical coefficients for these equations were determined using the experimental data.     

冰藻对南大洋大西洋扇区南极磷虾越冬期间碳源的贡献

南极磷虾是南大洋生态系统的关键物种, 种群聚集在南大洋的大西洋扇区。海冰在南极磷虾生活史中起着重要作用, 海冰及其冰下环境为磷虾越冬提供了避难场所, 但海冰是否为磷虾越冬提供了重要的饵料存在一定的争议, 对此问题的解决需要量化源于海冰的冰藻对南极磷虾越冬期间饵料及碳源的贡献。基于2020年冬季(3~8月)于南大洋大西洋扇区48.1亚区(布兰斯菲尔德海峡周边区域)和48.3亚区(南乔治亚岛周边海域)采集的磷虾样品, 通过两种高支链类异戊二烯化合物(IPSO₂₅和HBI III)分别作为源于海冰的冰藻和源于水体浮游植物的生物标志物, 对两个区域冬季磷虾对冰藻和浮游植物的依赖进行研究。结果显示, 处于较高纬度、海冰密集度较高的48.1亚区的南极磷虾体内含有更高的IPSO₂₅, 而处于开阔水域48.3亚区的磷虾体内有更高比例的HBI III, 另外48.3亚区磷虾的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N稳定同位素显著高于48.1亚区的磷虾。48.1亚区南极磷虾越冬期间对浮游植物和冰藻的依赖与体长相关, 其中体长相对较短的早期成体呈现更高的依赖性, 同时该区域磷虾对冰藻的摄食提高了其营养级地位。48.3区南极磷虾越冬期间两种类异戊二烯含量与δ¹⁵N稳定同位素数值呈负相关关系, 表明该区域南极磷虾在初级生产匮乏时会摄食动物性饵料。若未来南大洋大西洋扇区海冰持续减少, 这将对整个磷虾种群、磷虾渔业的可持续发展和区域生态系统的稳定性产生威胁。     

一种冰-海洋模式的热力耦合方案

冰与海洋的热力耦合对冰与海洋环流的模拟有极其重要的影响,是冰-海洋相互作用的一个重要方面.对其精确确定需要详细考虑冰-海洋界面附近的湍流过程,这在长时期的模拟特别是气候模拟中,常受到技术条件的限制.过去的研究常常假设冰下海洋混合层的温度为冰点,特别是在单纯冰模式的模拟中,但考虑海冰漂移和冰点变化的效应时,这一假设是不精确的.因此,弱化冰下海洋混合层温度为冰点的约束,不考虑详细的冰-海洋界面和海洋混合层的湍流过程,根据冰-海洋耦合系统的能量收支关系,设计了一个简化的冰-海洋热力耦合方案.对该方案引起的海洋混合层适应、热力结构和海冰发展的影响进行了分析,并将其用于全球冰海洋耦合模式的数值试验,结果表明,在大气热力强迫下该耦合方案既可使冰区混合层海水温度向冰点适应,又使冰边缘带海水温度与冰点保持明显差异,能够较好地反映冰-海洋热力相互作用.利用该耦合方案构造的全球冰-海洋耦合模式模拟的海冰范围及季节变化与实际观测非常接近.     

Application of the HY-1 satellite to sea ice monitoring and forecasting

The HY-1A satellite is the first oceanic satellite of China. During the winter of 2002-2003, the data of the HY-1A were applied to the sea ice monitoring and forecasting for the Bohai Sea of China for the fhst time. The sea ice retrieval system of the HY-1A has been constructed. It receives 1B data from the satellite, outputs sea ice images and provides digital products of ice concentration, ice thickness and ice edge, which can be used as important information for sea ice monitoring and the initial fields of the numeric sea ice forecast and as one of the reference data for the sea ice forecasting verification. The sea ice retrieval system of the satellite is described, including its processes, methods and parameters. The retrieving results and their application to the sea ice monitoring and forecasting for the Bohai Sea are also discussed.     

南极长城站附近海区冰藻色素的初步分析

本文报道了 1 988年 6 - 1 2月 (结冰期 )南极长城站附近海区冰藻色素的分离、鉴定结果。探讨了该海区冰藻色素的种类组成 ,季节变化以及冰藻色素在海洋生态系中的作用。结果表明 ,该海区冰藻已分离出色素 1 5种 ,可鉴定的有 1 3种 ,分别为 :胡萝卜素 ,脱镁叶绿素 a,叶绿素 a、b、c,叶黄素 ,岩藻黄质 ,脱植基叶绿酸 a,紫黄质 ,脱镁叶绿素 c,叶绿酸 a,叶绿素 c的衍生物 ,di-adinoxanthin,二种色素未能鉴定。该海域冰藻色素具明显的季节变化。