论滇中砂岩铜矿浅、紫交互带赋矿及其金属硫化物分带之成因与成矿作用演化

康滇古大陆裂谷的发生和演化造就了楚雄盆地,沉积出煤、铜、盐旋回与含矿建造和矿床组合.铜矿的生成(特别是改造富集)与煤(有机质)、盐(热卤水)密切相关.大姚—牟定式砂岩铜矿以其规模最大而具代表性.它的成矿作用的演化是从风化沉积作用到成岩作用、后生作用再到改造作用.作用的结果是分别产生含铜有机质沉积体、成岩矿层、后生矿层和改造富矿体.层状矿体赋存于砂岩浅紫交互带是氧化性流体与还原性流体相汇于斯而发生氧化—还原反应沉积成岩的结果.其金属硫化物的生成顺序与分带是遵循S、O、Fe、Cu热液体系中矿物共生组合规律的,随介质条件、四元素浓度的差异而变化.     

沉积认识下吐鲁番—哈密盆地吉深1地区中—下侏罗统水西沟群地层对比格架的建立

根据岩芯观察结果,结合区域地质、钻井及测井资料分析表明吐鲁番一哈密盆地吉深1地区中—下侏罗统水西沟群地层为辫状河三角洲沉积.在沉积认识的基础上,结合多种地层对比方法,对勘探新区进行科学、合理的地层对比.结果表明:水西沟群发育辫状河三角洲沉积的平原和前缘亚相,各亚相体对应于“组”的级别地层单元;厘定三工河组和八道湾组的地层界限为辫状河三角洲平原与辫状河三角洲前缘的相变界面;以上、下两套辫状河三角洲平原河漫沼泽微相稳定的煤层为区域对比标志层,准确控制目的层,并利用沉积旋回和岩性对比,进一步将各亚相体划分出相当于“段”的级别的地层单元.由此建立的沉积认识的地层对比格架,能够客观反映地层沉积的变化,为下一步地质研究打下基础.     

Rainfall—runoff response,event-based runoff coefficients and hydrograph separation

Abstract

Event-based runoff coefficients can provide information on watershed response. They are useful for catchment comparison to understand how different landscapes “filter” rainfall into event-based runoff and to explain the observed differences with catchment characteristics and related runoff mechanisms. However, the big drawback of this important parameter is the lack of a standard hydrograph separation method preceding its calculation. Event-based runoff coefficients determined with four well-established separation methods, as well as a newly developed separation method, are compared and are shown to differ considerably. This signifies that runoff coefficients reported in the literature often convey less information than required to allow for catchment classification. The new separation technique (constant-k method) is based on the theory of linear storage. Its advantages are that it is theoretically based in determining the end point of an event and that it can also be applied to events with multiple peaks. Furthermore, it is shown that event-based runoff coefficients in combination with simple statistical models improve our understanding of rainfall—runoff response of catchments with sparse data.     

A comparative study of three neural network forecast combination methods for simulated river flows of different rainfall—runoff models

Abstract

The performances of three artificial neural network (NN) methods for combining simulated river flows, based on three different neural network structures, are compared. These network structures are: the simple neural network (SNN), the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and the multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLPNN). Daily data of eight catchments, located in different parts of the world, and having different hydrological and climatic conditions, are used to enable comparisons of the performances of these three methods to be made. In the case of each catchment, each neural network combination method synchronously uses the simulated river flows of four rainfall—runoff models operating in design non-updating mode to produce the combined river flows. Two of these four models are black-box, the other two being conceptual models. The results of the study show that the performances of all three combination methods are, on average, better than that of the best individual rainfall—runoff model utilized in the combination, i.e. that the combination concept works. In terms of the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency index, the MLPNN combination method generally performs better than the other two combination methods tested. For most of the catchments, the differences in the efficiency index values of the SNN and the RBFNN combination methods are not significant but, on average, the SNN form performs marginally better than the more complex RBFNN alternative. Based on the results obtained for the three NN combination methods, the use of the multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) is recommended as the appropriate NN form for use in the context of combining simulated river flows.     

ON THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION OF RIVER NETS

Abstract

An investigation is made of the growth of river basins based on the two current models of the structure of such basins: the cyclic model and the random-graph model. Based on the assumption that the networks grow allometrically, the structure of the network that evolves has been calculated based upon the above two models. Nature seems to favor the random-graph model.     

Technology obscuring equity: historical responsibility in UNFCCC negotiations

According to the concept of historical responsibility, the commitments of individual countries to take action on climate change are distributed based on the relative effects of their past emissions as manifested in present climate change. Brazil presented a comprehensive version of the concept to pre-Kyoto negotiations in 1997. The ‘Brazilian proposal’ originally combined several justice principles; however, following referral to the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, discussion soon became confined to technical calculations. This case illustrates how disparities in knowledge production and framing can influence the inclusiveness of negotiations. Southern participation in the policy process was restrained due to lack of scientific expertise on the part of Southern countries and due to the non-inclusive biophysical discourse traditionally preferred by Northern policy-makers. The historical responsibility issue became stranded on problems of how to correctly represent physical nature in climate models. This marginalized the original intention that equity should be the guiding principle of the North—South interaction, arguably undercutting a potential angle of approach to advance the climate change negotiations. The article concludes that in the interest of facilitating the North—South dialogue in climate change negotiations, any framing of historical responsibility that excludes equity needs to be redefined.     

青岛冬暖的气象水文学解读及成因分析

根据收集到的气象、水文资料,通过比较分析进行了青岛冬暖的气象水文学解读,研究表明,青岛冬季比周围的内陆城市温暖,也比周围的沿海城市温暖,其温暖区在沿海南界的范围为日照（石臼所）附近;青岛冬暖表现为在降温后回温更快且升温更高,在周平均尺度上就可以体现出冬暖的特征。青岛冬暖的形成原因是其特定的地理位置和相应的气象水文因子综合而成的,青岛受海水的包绕比较充分,冬季盛行的NW—N向风在造成青岛寒冷的同时也造成青岛周边城市的寒冷,对青岛冬暖有反向衬托作用,也间接导致黄海暖流向青岛近海的补偿性抵近,从而成为青岛冬暖最重要的水动力因子。     

Genesis and mineral transformations in Lower Cretaceous karst bauxites (NE Spain): climatic influence and superimposed processes

Four outcrops of Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) karst bauxites located in Teruel (NE Spain) were analysed to determine their mineral associations and genesis related to climatic palaeoweathering events and late superimposed kaolinization processes. The materials comprise metric‐sized pisolitic blocks embedded in a clay‐rich red groundmass. Fourteen samples were examined by X‐ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and the major elements were analysed by inductively‐coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS). The samples are composed of kaolinite, gibbsite, goethite, and hematite as the main phases, with diaspore, boehmite, anatase, and rutile as accessory minerals. The results show a complex sequence of mineralogical and geochemical processes that transformed the parent rock into the current bauxite materials. The clay‐rich groundmass constitutes the lateritic parent material of the pisolitic bauxites. In the parent material authigenic kaolinite (e.g. vermicular kaolinite and kaolinite between cleavage sheets of pre‐existing mica) has been observed; Fe oxides formed subsequent to kaolinite. In the pisolitic bauxites, mineralogical and textural evidence indicates that bauxitization took place at the expense of previous kaolinite, with gibbsite post‐dating the other Al hydroxides. The pisolitic bauxites also show a more homogeneous chemical composition and a relative Ti, Al and Zr enrichment. The data are consistent with an intense palaeoweathering event during the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) under tropical climatic conditions (warm and humid). Several stages probably took place during the bauxitization process, suggesting variations in water saturation conditions. Subsequent karst reactivation stages and related collapses were responsible for the present lithostructure of the deposits and allowed late kaolinization not related to climate to take place. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The existence of internal solitary waves in a two-fluid system near the KdV limit

Abstract

Two fluid layers of constant density lying one over the other on top of a rigid horizontal lower boundary with either a free upper surface or a rigid upper boundary can support solitary waves. The existence of a unique branch of such waves emanating from the horizontal flow at a critical speed U _? is demonstrated in both cases by use of the Nash—Moser implicit function theorem. These results complement the global results of Amick and Turner (1986) and are analogous to the work of Friedrichs and Hyers (1954) and Beale (1977) for surface waves. It is also noted that the most obvious variational principle which characterizes these waves as constrained extremals (Benjamin, 1984) is of indefinite type, having a Hessian with infinitely many positive and infinitely many negative eigenvalues.     

Heterogeneous Fe(II) oxidation and zeta potential

The determination of electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential was used as a diagnostic tool, alongside kinetic experiments, to delineate between three plausible mechanisms for the heterogeneous oxidation of Fe(II) by dissolved oxygen. One of these mechanisms is dependant on the positive surface charge that exists on Fe(III) (oxy)hydroxide surfaces at pH values below the Iso-Electric Point (IEP). However, this mechanism can be disputed as catalysis is observed on Fe(III) (oxy)hydroxide surfaces above the IEP despite a negative zeta potential. As well as an IEP shift an overall reduction of the magnitude of the zeta potential is observed in samples of field Fe(III) (oxy)hydroxide collected from the Taff Merthyr mine water treatment site in South Wales, UK. Low zeta potentials determined in mine water treatment systems will have beneficial effects for particle coagulation and settling in passive mine water treatment systems.