Effect of dispersion on impulsive waves

The generation and propagation of surface waves resulting from suddenly created disturbances over water surfaces is investigated. The initial boundary conditions defining the disturbance are given either by a velocity of the free surface, an initial elevation of the free surface or a pressure impulsively applied on the free surface. It is shown that the corresponding three forms of solutions are related by a simple time derivative. Linear solutions are obtained in the cases where the wave motion is assumed to be nondispersive, mildly dispersive and fully dispersive, as well as in the case where the motion is given by the method of stationary phase. Criteria are established to indicate the limit of validity of each method.     

北衙金矿多期热液成矿作用识别:来自地质、岩相学、流体包裹体和H-O-S同位素证据

北衙超大型金矿床是三江特提斯成矿域中喜山期斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床的典型代表,长期以来大量研究均围绕斑岩-矽卡岩成矿作用开展并取得了丰硕成果,然而对于北衙金矿是否存在多期热液成矿作用尚不明确。本次研究基于详细野外调查、岩相学与矿相学研究,流体包裹体显微测温及成分分析、H-O-S同位素分析等多种手段,识别了北衙金矿成矿晚期存在新一期热液成矿事件。主要证据如下:(1)野外调查发现北衙金矿发育NW向陡倾断裂控制的石英多金属硫化物脉,其切割矽卡岩矿体与矽卡岩晚期石英硫化物矿脉;(2)本次研究矿脉中原生流体包裹体类型主要为富CO_2三相水溶液包裹体、含CO_2三相水溶液包裹体及气液两相水溶液包裹体,而矽卡岩晚期硫化物脉中除上述三种类型外还发育含子晶三相水溶液包裹体;(3)成矿流体均一温度分布范围为204～426℃,盐度为1.0%～14.2%NaCleqv,整体表现为中高温、中低盐度的NaCl-CO_2-H_2O流体体系,而矽卡岩晚期硫化物脉成矿流体体系具有中温、中高盐度的特征;(4)该矿脉中石英的δ~(18)O、δD范围分别为7.5‰～9.4‰与-102.0‰～-75.0‰,指示岩浆水来源,而矽卡岩晚期硫化物脉具有岩浆水和大气水混合来源。本次研究的多金属硫化物矿脉δ~(34)S值范围为-0.97‰～1.40‰,与矽卡岩期和矽卡岩晚期硫化物脉中黄铁矿S同位素一致,表明多期矿化成矿物质均具有幔源贡献。结合北衙矿集区成岩成矿动力学背景,推测始新世大规模地壳拆沉、软流圈上涌导致的强烈的壳幔相互作用可能是北衙金矿多期成矿作用的诱因。     

峪耳崖金矿的成矿时代裂变径迹研究

通过峪耳崖金矿含矿岩体中的锆石、磷灰石裂变径迹分析,揭示了自中生代燕山期以来峪耳崖地区经历了频繁、多期次的热液活动,且与峪耳崖金矿的形成密切相关.锆石、磷灰石的裂变径迹年龄显示,金矿成矿时代主要为115~200Ma,成矿下限为82 Ma.其中,115~190 Ma是主要的成矿时期.成矿流体作用遍及整个岩体;流体的运移受到构造制约,具有NE-SW延伸的趋势;成矿流体具深部来源以及在地表水的参与下成矿.峪耳崖金矿的形成,与当时整个中国东部的动力学背景有关.     

热液矿床成矿元素地球化学异常探讨

为什么有些热液矿床矿体周围蚀变岩中出现明显的成矿元素负异常，而有些热液矿床矿体周围蚀变岩中出现明显的成矿元素正异常？以湘中地区锑（金）矿床为例，探讨了热液矿床成矿元素异常的形成机理，研究表明，热液矿床成矿物质来源的差异是导致成矿元素正异常或负异常的根本原因。     

对福建李坊重晶石矿床成因的新认识——来自矿石构造、矿物学和流体包裹体的证据

福建李坊重晶石矿床是东南沿海地区发现的一个大型独立重晶石矿床,已有30余年的开采历史,在沉积重晶石矿床中占有重要地位,然而对该矿床的成因和成矿时代仍众说纷纭。本文通过对福建李坊重晶石矿床中矿石组构的野外调查、电子探针分析和重晶石的流体包裹体测温,取得如下发现和认识:①首次在重晶石矿石中发现了管孔状构造、角砾状构造、蜂窝状构造等热水喷流通道相沉积构造;②首次在重晶石矿石中发现具有热水成因指示意义的同生钡冰长石矿物;③140个重晶石的流体包裹体均一温度值为89.3～208.5℃,均值为162.7℃,表明李坊重晶石矿床属于低温热水沉积矿床;综合矿石构造、矿物学和流体包裹体测温等证据,提出李坊重晶石矿床为"白烟囱型"热水沉积矿床的新认识,为华南地区早古生代热水沉积矿床的研究和找矿勘探提供了重要新资料。     

In situ Pb and bulk Sr isotope analysis of the Yinchanggou Pb-Zn deposit in Sichuan Province (SW China): Constraints on the origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluids

The Yinchanggou Pb-Zn deposit, located in southwestern Sichuan Province, western Yangtze Block, is stratigraphically controlled by late Ediacaran Dengying Formation and contains >0.3 Mt of metal reserves with 11 wt% Pb + Zn. A principal feature is that this deposit is structurally controlled by normal faults, whereas other typical deposits nearby (e.g. Maozu) are controlled by reverse faults. The origin of the Yinchanggou deposit is still controversial. Ore genetic models, based on conventional whole-rock isotope tracers, favor either sedimentary basin brine, magmatic water or metamorphic fluid sources. Here we use in situ Pb and bulk Sr isotope features of sulfide minerals to constrain the origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluids. The Pb isotope compositions of galena determined by femtosecond LA-MC-ICPMS are as follows: ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.17–18.24, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.69–15.71, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.51–38.63. These in situ Pb isotope data overlap with bulk-chemistry Pb isotope compositions of sulfide minerals (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.11–18.40, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.66–15.76, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.25–38.88), and both sets of data plotting above the Pb evolution curve of average upper continental crust. Such Pb isotope signatures suggest an upper crustal source of Pb. In addition, the coarse-grained galena in massive ore collected from the deep part has higher ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios (18.18–18.24) than the fine-grained galena in stockwork ore sampled from the shallow part (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.17–18.19), whereas the latter has higher ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios (38.59–38.63) than the former (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.51–38.59). However, both types of galena have the same ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios (15.69–15.71). This implies two independent Pb sources, and the metal Pb derived from the basement metamorphic rocks was dominant during the early phase of ore formation in the deep part, whereas the ore-hosting sedimentary rocks supplied the majority of metal Pb at the late phase in the shallow part. In addition, sphalerite separated from different levels has initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios ranging from 0.7101 to 0.7130, which are higher than the ore formation age-corrected ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of country sedimentary rocks (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_200 Ma = 0.7083–0.7096), but are significantly lower than those of the ore formation age-corrected basement rocks (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_200 Ma = 0.7243–0.7288). Again, such Sr isotope signatures suggest that the above two Pb sources were involved in ore formation. Hence, the gradually mixing process of mineralizing elements and associated fluids plays a key role in the precipitation of sulfide minerals at the Yinchanggou ore district. Integrating all the evidence, we interpret the Yinchanggou deposit as a strata-bound, normal fault-controlled epigenetic deposit that formed during the late Indosinian. We also propose that the massive ore is formed earlier than the stockwork ore, and the temporal-spatial variations of Pb and Sr isotopes suggest a certain potential of ore prospecting in the deep mining area.     

Rare Earth, Major and Trace Elements in the Kunimiyama Ferromanganese Deposit in the Northern Chichibu Belt, Central Shikoku, Japan

Abstract. Rare earth, major and trace element geochemistry is reported for the Kunimiyama stratiform ferromanganese deposit in the Northern Chichibu Belt, central Shikoku, Japan. The deposit immediately overlies greenstones of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) origin and underlies red chert. The ferromanganese ores exhibit remarkable enrichments in Fe, Mn, P, V, Co, Ni, Zn, Y and rare earth elements (excepting Ce) relative to continental crustal abundance. These enriched elements/ Fe ratios and Post-Archean Average Australian Shale-normalized REE patterns of the ferromanganese ores are generally analogous to those of modern hydrothermal ferromanganese plume fall-out precipitates deposited on MOR flanks. However in more detail, Mn and Ti enrichments in the ferromanganese ores are more striking than the modern counterpart, suggesting a significant contribution of hydrogenetic component in the Kunimiyama ores. Our results are consistent with the interpretation that the Kunimiyama ores were umber deposits that primarily formed by hydrothermal plume fall-out precipitation in the Panthalassa Ocean during the Early Permian and then accreted onto the proto-Japanese island arc during the Middle Jurassic. The presence of strong negative Ce anomaly in the Kunimiyama ores may indicate that the Early Permian Panthalassa seawater had a more striking negative Ce anomaly due to a more oxidizing oceanic condition than today.     

甘肃北山地区红山铁矿硅质岩的地球化学特征及沉积环境

通过野外地质调查和系统的岩石主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素等的研究,探讨红山铁矿床硅质岩的地球化学特征及其沉积环境。红山铁矿床中广泛发育一套与铁矿体呈共生关系的硅质岩。研究表明,与铁矿密切共生的呈层状和透镜状产出的灰色、紫红色硅质岩总体属于低硅类型的硅质岩。在SiO2-Al2O3判别图解中,SiO2与Al2O3负相关,样品数据点均落入热水沉积区域;稀土元素配分模式经北美页岩标准化后呈平缓型,与东太平洋热泉水、红海热卤水具有相似的正Eu异常和配分模式,δEu值均大于1,显示热水沉积的特征;硅质岩中的V、Ni、Cu、Ba等微量元素的含量具有陆缘海盆热水沉积的特征。     

桂西南晚泥盆世锰矿床锰质豆鲕粒类型及其成因探讨

桂西南锰矿赋存于上泥盆统五指山组中段,产锰矿三层,大多由锰质豆鲕粒组成。笔者研究了下雷锰矿床的锰质豆鲕粒,按其形态、结构构造和矿物成份划分为16种类型,并据①其沉积环境属断陷深水台沟相;②富集于几个矿段;③其碳酸锰矿物δC~(13)值为-6.23～-7.78‰,说明碳源于深部岩浆;④豆鲕粒由菱锰矿,蔷薇辉石、黑云母、锰铁叶蛇纹石、绿泥石、柘榴石等热液矿物组成。因此认为,锰质豆鲕粒形成于海底热气液喷溢口及其附近热水流动带,而低温滞水带不易形成豆鲕粒。     

东丽湖地热钻探CGSD01井钻完井技术

CGSD01井是由中国地质调查局组织实施的一口水热型地热资源调查井。该井完井深度405168 m,终孔直径216 mm。施工过程中遇到大直径套管下入安全系数不足、地层漏失、复杂地层岩心采取率低等问题。文章介绍了该井的井身结构设计、钻完井工艺技术。通过采用浮力法下管,多工艺堵漏,改进复杂地层取心工艺等措施解决了施工过程中的复杂问题,总结了该地区深部地热钻探钻井工艺并提出了完井建议。