锦屏一级水电站左岸开挖高边坡变形监测分析

锦屏一级水电站左岸开挖高边坡的开挖高度达到530 m,断层发育,岩体卸荷深度大,地质条件十分复杂,边坡在施工期和运行期的稳定性问题特别重要。对边坡的工程地质条件进行分析,介绍锦屏一级水电站工程左岸边坡的变形监测布置及监测结果。锦屏一级左坝肩边坡采用表面变形观测、浅表变形观测及深部变形观测,由表及里3个层次监测边坡岩体的变形。表面变形监测采用外观变形监测方法;浅部变形监测采用多点位移计,监测深度为0～90 m;深部变形监测采用平洞测距、水准沉降及石墨杆收敛计等监测方法,布置于勘探平洞内,穿越主要断层及深部拉裂缝,最大监测达到260 m。截止2011年5月,边坡浅表最大水平位移106.1 mm,最大垂直下沉位移58.6 mm,主要受边坡开挖及支护控制。深层最大水平变形量为47.48 mm,最大垂直沉降变形为7.2 mm,主要受深部拉裂缝及断层控制。目前位移趋于收敛,最大变形速率小于0.1 mm/d,满足安全控制标准,边坡已趋于稳定。     

四川安谷水电站勘探竖井及试验平硐施工工艺

四川安谷水电站勘探竖井所处地层河床砂卵石层深厚,采用传统的人工挖掘护壁或沉井施工工艺,施工难度大。针对地层的特点,采用冲击钻机成孔的方式施工。同时,在竖井中开挖试验平硐,遵循多炮眼、小进尺、小药量,光面爆破的施工方案,圆满完成试验平硐的开挖。介绍了其施工技术及注意事项。     

国际河流水电合作开发投资—效益分配模式及特征

水与能源安全是全球可持续发展最为核心的问题,其在国际河流区尤为复杂和敏感。中国作为亚洲乃至全球最为重要的上游国,国际河流水资源变化、水电开发影响及跨境水安全维护等,虽受关注,但研究基础较为薄弱。判识出1937-2010年全球国际河流水电合作开发的32个案例,综合分析其开发方式,揭示其投资—效益分配模式与特征。结果表明：① 水电合作开发以河段和双边合作开发为主,缺乏流域层面的合作,形成了投资—效益等比分配、平均分配和差异分配三种模式。② 跨境型河流水电合作的投资—效益分配以等比分配为主,上游国通过向下游国提供发电用水分享其发电效益,下游国则通过补偿上游国的方式推动合作;界河（含界河段）的水电合作开发以平均分配为主。③ 不同发展时期的分配模式差异较明显: 1950年代前以平均分配和等比分配为主;1950-1980年代以平均分配为主;1990年代以后,因案例太少,主要分配模式难以确定。④ 经济发展水平相当的合作国家间主要采用平均分配模式;经济发展水平存在差异的国家间则兼顾采用等比分配和差异分配模式,并实施了更多的补偿措施。     

基于快速应力释放的深埋隧洞岩爆防治对策研究

大型地下工程开挖中,高地应力环境下高储能脆性岩体通常会通过脆性破裂快速释放应变能而产生岩爆。岩爆作为常见的一类动力失稳地质灾害现象,极大地威胁着现场施工人员和设备的安全。作为雅砻江锦屏二级水电站的主要工程,千米级埋深的引水隧洞也面临高地应力下硬岩岩爆问题。针对锦屏二级引水隧洞岩爆的特点,提出采用快速应力释放的方法防治岩爆,并采用数值模拟的方法优选了倾斜辐射爆破孔方案。数值模拟结果表明：该方法能使岩体内的初始应力快速卸荷,同时使应力集中区向岩体深部转移。通过在锦屏二级引水隧洞工程中的试验与运用,采用声波测试法对实施快速应力释放方案的效果进行检验,验证了快速应力释放方法防治岩爆的有效性。研究成果为解决类似工程岩爆防治问题提供了理论依据和借鉴。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Hillslope Processes. Binghamton Symposia in Geomorphology International Series: 16. Athol D. Abrahams , ed. The Atlas of Central America and the Caribbean. The Diagram Group . The Cultural Atlas of Islam. Isma'il R. al Faruqi and Lois Lamaya'al Faruqi . Atlas of Israel Contemporary Africa: Development, Culture and the State. Morag Bell . Fundamentals of Physical Geography. David Briggs and Peter Smithson . The Bicentennial Census: New Directions for Methodology in 1990. Constance F. Citro and Michael L. Cohen , eds . World Patterns of Modern Urban Change: Essays in Honor of Chauncy D. Harris. Michael P. Conzen , ed . New Directions for Agriculture and Agricultural Research: Neglected Dimensions and Emerging Alternatives. Kenneth A. Dahlberg , ed . Water Resources Atlas of Florida. E.A. Fernald and D.J. Patton , eds . Landscape Ecology. R.T.T. Forman and M. Godron . The Myth of the North American City: Continentalism Challenged. Michael Goldberg and John Mercer . The Permafrost Environment. Stuart A. Harris . Climate and Circulation of the Tropics. Stefan Hastenrath . The Island of South Georgia. Robert Headland . The Making of Urban Europe, 1000-1950. Paul M. Hohenberg and Lynn Hollen Lees . Bombay in Transition: The Growth and Social Ecology of a Colonial City, 1889–1980. Meera Kosambi . Plant Closings; Public or Private Choices? Richard B. McKenzie , ed . Malaysia: Tradition, Modernity and Islam. R.S. Milne and Diane K. Mauzy . Technology on the Frontier: Mining in Old Ontario. Dianne Newell . The Maritime Political Boundaries of the World. J.R.V. Prescott . Tall Office Buildings in the United States. James W. Pygman and Richard Kateley (Real Estate Research Corporation). Technology, Regions, and Policy. John Rees , ed . The United States and the Regional Organization of Asia and the Pacific: 1965-1985. W.W. Rostow . Renewable Energy: Progress, Prospects. Stephen W. Sawyer Wisconsin Foundations. Gwen Schultz . Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World. David Seamon and Robert Mugerauer , eds . Power and Place: Canadian Urban Development in the North American Context. Gilbert A. Stelter and Alan F.J. Artibise , eds . Small Firms in Regional Economic Development: Britain, Ireland and the United States. D. J. Storey , ed . Mathematical Methods in Human Geography and Planning. A. G. Wilson and R. J. Bennett . El Niño North: Niño Effects on the Eastern Subarctic Pacific Ocean. W. S. Wooster and D. L. Fluharty , eds . The Soviet Iron and Steel Industry. Craig ZumBrunnen and Jeffrey Osleeb .     

澜沧江干流大型规划电站影响区关键人文生态对象识别与敏感度评估

在对澜沧江中上游干流规划电站（苗尾水电站以上）开发影响区实地调查、文献收集整理的基础上,通过确定影响区内4个县16个乡镇范围内关键人文生态对象,利用ARCGIS和Googleearth软件分析技术,并用线性加权综合法分析关键人文生态对象的重要性和地域分布特征,就其对水电开发的敏感度进行5级评估,得出主要结果：（1）关键人文生态对象包括6类：文物保护单位、传统村落、特色小镇、非物质文化遗产、风景名胜区和A级景区、历史文化名镇名村;（2）康普乡和石登乡的敏感度最高,兔峨乡和功果桥镇次之,而巴迪乡、维登乡、攀天阁乡、中路乡、营盘镇和苗尾乡的敏感度最低。     

Which variables are essential for renewable energies?

ABSTRACT

Essential Variables are defined as a minimal set of variables that explain the state of the system. They are crucial for predicting its developments, and support metrics that measure its evolution. The variables should be relevant to meet requirements of stakeholders and be technically and economically feasible for systematic observation. A definition of Essential Renewable Energies Variables is proposed linked with their identification in several domains in renewable energy using a bottom-up and user-driven approach, and spanning over several years of documented interaction with stakeholders. Lists of variables are proposed in hydropower, solar, wind, and marine energies. It does not comprise the variables relating to social and economic aspects supporting decision making in investment nor those relating to civil engineering that are needed to erect a plant or farm.     

地面3维激光技术在水土保持监测中的应用

在水电站建设工程中,需要对水土保持进行监测,本文提出了一种新的侵蚀沟监测方案,实践证明它比传统的监测结果更准确,更真实,可以很直观地反映出侵蚀沟的形态,实现3维建模。同时,在安全方面真正实现了非接触式测量,大大减少了外业工作量,降低了外业危险性。     

金沙江溪洛渡地区叠加褶皱及工程地质意义

金沙江溪洛渡地区古—中生代沉积地层中发育复杂的褶皱构造，它们是喜马拉雅运动期间经3期褶皱叠加而成，其叠加方式主要有跨褶、移褶、限褶、重褶等。大比例尺填图及构造解析表明，区内第3期褶皱——箐口复式背斜形成地下分水岭，构成了金沙江溪洛渡水电站库首至下游可能渗漏路径上的挡水墙，岩溶管道式渗漏不会发生。区内第3期褶皱的首次厘定及研究，对溪洛渡巨型水电站库首渗漏研究具有极为重要的意义。