Are assemblages of the fireworm Hermodice carunculata enhanced in sediments beneath offshore fish cages?

Abundances of the fireworm Hermodice carunculata were counted through a monitoring assessment study of fish cages in Barranco Hondo（NE Tenerife）. Seven campaigns were conducted from November 2007 to June 2010 and temporal variations were found, as well as differences among sampling stations. The polychaete H. carunculata obtained its highest abundance in sediments beneath fish cages throughout the study period. Thus, the assemblages of this omnivorous species were favoured by the presence of fish cages.     

兰州不同时期黄土有机质碳同位素与气候的关系

基于兰州九州台黄土剖面的土壤有机质δ13C分析,讨论了兰州地区末次间冰期和全新世2个时期气候以及地表植被的变化特征.结果表明,该地区末次间冰期δ13C变化范围为-29.97‰～-25.52‰,平均值为-27.79‰;全新世δ13C变化范围在-20.82～-34.40‰之间,平均值为-28.99‰.从δ13C平均值来看,该地区在以上两个时期地表植被主要为C3植物.末次间冰期九州台剖面δ13C表现出3峰夹2谷的特征与同一时期深海SPECMAP曲线有着良好的对应,表明了该时期兰州地区的气候变化与全球是一致的,全新世土壤有机质δ13C所反映出的3个不同的变化阶段对应于早、中、晚全新世阶段.结合黄土高原其他剖面相应时期的土壤有机质δ13C的研究结果,我们观察到陕西关中地区的黄土剖面末次间冰期和全新世土壤有机质δ13C要大于黄土高原西部的兰州等地区,气候差异引起的地表植被中C3、C4植物比例不同是造成两地区土壤有机质δ13C差异的主要因素.研究结果表明,黄土高原土壤有机质δ13C是揭示该地区气候变化的一个良好代用指标.     

风蚀作用下的土壤碳库变化及在中国的初步估算

土壤有机碳库储量巨大且在表层富集 ,而风力侵蚀具有巨大的卷挟起沙、搬移输运和空间再分配能力 ,对土壤有机碳库的演变具有重要影响。在风力侵蚀作用下 ,风蚀发生地、风蚀土壤输运途中以及风蚀土壤沉降地的土壤有机碳库有着不同的变化过程。基于质量平衡原理 ,可以建立土壤有机碳流失及各路径碳输移量估算的模型。依据第二次全国遥感侵蚀调查以及第二次全国土壤普查数据 ,在GIS支持下 ,分析了中国土壤有机碳库以及风力侵蚀的空间格局 ,并计算得到风力侵蚀作用下中国土壤有机碳库储量变化以及各路径碳输移量。研究表明 ,我国因风力侵蚀造成的土壤有机碳流失量约为 5 9 76× 10 6 tC/yr,风蚀所致CO2 排放约为 2 9 88× 10 6 tC/yr;风蚀所致的土壤有机碳流失主要发生在中国西北部的干旱半干旱的农区和牧区     

南海东北部冷泉区沉积物中有机质来源的生物标志物分析与环境指示意义

Multi-biomarker indexes were analyzed for two piston cores from potential cold seep areas of the South China Sea off southwestern Taiwan. Total organic carbon(TOC) normalized terrestrial(n-alkanes) and marine(brassicasterol, dinosterol, alkenones and iso-GDGTs) biomarker contents and ratios(TMBR, 1/Pmar-aq, BIT) were used to evaluate the contributions of terrestrial and marine organic matter(TOM and MOM respectively) to the sedimentary organic matter, indicating that MOM dominated the organic sources in Core MD052911 and the sedimentary organic matter in Core ORI-_(86)0-22 was mainly derived from terrestrial inputs, and different morphologies were the likely reason for TOM percentage differences. BIT results suggested that river-transported terrestrial soil organic matter was not a major source of TOM of sedimentary organic matter around these settings.Diagnostic biomarkers for methane-oxidizing archaea(MOA) were only detected in one sample at 172 cm depth of Core ORI-_(86)0-22, with abnormally high iso-GDGTs content and Methane Index(MI) value(0.94). These results indicated high anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM) activities at or around 172 cm in Core ORI-_(86)0-22.However in Core MD052911, MOA biomarkers were not detected and MI values were lower(0.19–0.38), indicated insignificant contributions of iso-GDGTs from methanotrophic archaea and the absence of significant AOM activities. Biomarker results thus indicated that the discontinuous upward methane seepage and insufficient methane flux could not induce high AOM activities in our sampling sites. In addition, the different patterns of TEX_(86) and U_(37)~(K′) temperature in two cores suggested that AOM activities affected TEX_(86)37 temperature estimates with lower values in Core ORI-_(86)0-22, but not significantly on TEX_(86) temperature estimates in Core MD052911.     

贵州百花湖分层晚期有机质降解过程与溶解N2O循环

百花湖是一个具有季节性分层的富营养小型湖泊,在秋季湖水倒转期经常发生水质恶化事件,碳氮循环出现异常。文章研究特选择在秋初,湖泊分层开始消失时,测定了湖水中不同深度的N₂O,CH₄,CO₂,有机和无机碳同位素以及其他化学参数变化。结果发现:采样时百花湖在约6m和16m深度附近出现了两个温度不连续层(SDL和PDL),并影响到有机颗粒的沉降和分解。相对而言,有较多的有机质在这两个层内发生降解,但降解的途径有所不同,上部主要是有氧降解,下部则主要是无氧降解过程。N₂O的产生和消耗与有机质的降解过程完全对应:PDL层以上,ΔN₂O与AOU的线性关系反映了N₂O主要形成于硝化作用;PDL层以下反硝化作用导致N₂O严重不饱和;PDL内位于硝化作用和反硝化作用过渡带的N₂O峰,显然是硝化与反硝化联合作用的结果。PDL层内较大的CH₄浓度变化梯度,说明嗜甲烷细菌可能通过氧化NH+4贡献了部分N₂O。百花湖秋、冬季表层湖水N₂O都是过饱和的,都是大气N₂O的源,依据分子扩散模型计算湖泊N₂O的释放通量在12～14μmol/m·day之间,秋、冬季没有明显的差别。秋季底层湖水的反硝化作用是湖泊N₂O的汇,其消耗通量与表层的释放通量基本相当。     

Aliphatic biomarker signatures of early Oligocene-early Miocene source rocks in the central Qiongdongnan Basin: Source analyses of organic matter

The geochemical signatures of fifty-four rock samples and three supplementary drill stem test(DST) oils from the Yacheng-Sanya formations in the central Qiongdongnan Basin(CQB) were analysed. Reconstruction of the early Oligocene-early Miocene(36–16 Ma) palaeovegetation and source analyses of organic matter(OM) were conducted using aliphatic biomarkers in ancient sediments and DST oils. Both the interpreted aquatic and terrigenous OM contributed to the CQB source rocks(SRs) but had varying relat...     

胶州湾沉积物中有机硫来源及成因机制的研究

有机硫是海洋沉积物中重要的硫形态,其中成岩有机硫对有机质保存和微量元素形态具有重要影响。利用化学提取及硫稳定同位素研究了胶州湾沉积物中碱可提取的腐殖酸硫(HA-S)、富里酸硫(FA-S)以及铬不可还原有机硫(non-CROS)的垂直分布、来源及形成机制。结果表明,non-CROS、HA-S以及FA-S的含量范围分别为19.1~52.6、3.35~7.82和27.3~38.6μmol/g,均处于其他许多近海沉积物中含量的低值区,且3者均为海洋生物有机硫和成岩有机硫的混合物。HA-S和nonCROS以海洋生物有机硫为主,其份数分别为65%~68%和67%~77%,而FA-S则以成岩有机硫为主(54%~73%)。相对于生物有机硫,成岩有机硫更易被碱和酸性Cr(Ⅱ)溶液提取,因此腐殖质硫和non-CROS都不能全面反映沉积物中有机硫的组成和来源。黄铁矿和腐殖质中成岩有机硫含量随深度的同步增加表明黄铁矿形成并未明显地竞争性抑制有机质硫化。     

商业平板式超滤膜包完整性检验：对海洋胶体生物地球化学研究的启示

The performance and integrity of a cassette cross-flow ultrafilter(Pellicon 2, Millipore) are examined with a suite of macromolecules of different molecular masses. The retention coefficient during the cross-flow ultrafiltration experiments increases with increasing molecular mass and reaches 90% with 10 kDa dextran in both milli-Q water and ultrafiltered seawater media. Based on a 90% retention coefficient, the molecular mass cut-off for the ultrafiltration membrane is defined at 10 kDa, which is ten times(1 kDa) that rated by the manufacturer. To further validate the accuracy of the laboratory calibration, the samples from the lower Zhujiang River and the Jiulong River Estuary are ultrafiltered with the cassette ultrafiltration membrane and the colloidal organic carbon abundances in these samples are quantified with the ultrafiltration permeation model based on time series permeation subsamples. The colloidal organic carbon abundances are 5.8%–21.1% in the Jiulong River Estuary and 5.6%–11.0% in the lower Zhujiang River. These are consistent with the reported values for both estuaries as well as with the colloidal organic carbon abundances in marine environments over the coastal and open oceans with 10 kDa cut-off membranes. Therefore, these field data support the laboratory calibration result and indicate the validity of the experimental and quantification procedure adopted. The discrepancy between the nominal molecular mass cut-off and the actual pore size of the ultrafiltration membrane should be of great concern for research in colloidal and nanoparticle biogeochemistry. Careful examination of the membrane integrity should be taken during ultrafiltration experiments in order to avoid misleading molecular mass cut-off information.     

水下荧光光谱探测装置控制系统的设计与实现

海水中有色可溶性有机物(CDOM,Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter,常称之为黄色物质)是影响海洋水色的三大成分之一,海水中CDOM的研究具有重要的意义。本文针对CDOM水下原位探测激光诱导荧光光谱探测装置开发了一套控制系统,该控制系统分为水上甲板控制和水下数据采集两部分,水上甲板控制部分通过8芯电缆与水下数据采集部分实现供电及通信,水下数据采集部分以PC104嵌入式工控机为核心,控制整体采集部分的工作,甲板控制部分通过远程控制软件来操控PC104以实现水下数据的采集和存储。实验室环境测试及近海现场实验表明,该系统能够可靠完成水下荧光光谱装置的控制和数据的采集及通信需求,实现海水中有色可溶性有机物的水下原位探测。     

水环境中的信息有机物与“水域生态讯息学”的提出

信息有机物(或化感物质)系指存在于自然环境,对生物物种或生物类群生存和生长有促进或抑制作用,并能通过调控生物丰度与群落结构来影响生态系统和生态环境的微痕量有机物。目前已知的信息有机物大多是分子质量小于10~4Da的醇、酚、萜、酯、多肽等小分子物质,它们随水体迁移扩散,通过控制酶活性或光合系统等途径影响目标生物生存生长,作用强度受微生物分解和营养水平等多种因素影响。水体中信息有机物一般是通过有机溶剂萃取或固相萃取富集后用色质联用鉴定结构并测定含量。本文系统总结了近年来水环境中信息有机物及其检测方法的主要研究进展,归纳总结了高效灵敏的水体信息有机物检测方法,阐述了水环境中信息有机物种类、结构、作用机制及其对水域生态学的意义,在此基础上,提出了"水域生态讯息学"的新概念,诠释了"水域生态讯息学"的内涵,这对于拓展生态学研究内容,揭示水生生物学发生机制,持续利用水生生物资源具有重要的科学意义和实际价值。