海坛海峡二维潮流场数值模拟

海坛海峡为南北狭长型海峡，海峡内潮波属于前进波．本文建立了平面二维浅水波数学方程，利用欧拉-拉格朗日差分方法得到数值解，模型采用随时间变化的动边界技术，成功地模拟了海坛海峡的前进波特征，并根据实测数据进行了验证．同时计算了同潮时线和等振幅线，不同时刻的潮流场和潮流平均流速分布．计算结果表明，北部湾口M2分潮高潮时间比南部湾口早约5～6min，等振幅线范围约为2．12～2．15m．海峡内流速分布呈南北强、中间弱的特点，最大流速1m／s左右．     

浙江苍南近岸海域海床冲淤过程研究

近岸海床冲淤变化直接反映海区地貌稳定状态,由此影响海区物质迁移及水运资源可持续利用。基于此,本研究通过选择苍南海域不同时期的海图资料,基于ArcGIS平台探讨该海域多尺度海床冲淤过程,为研究区海岸港工建筑规划与评估提供理论指导。主要研究结果包括：苍南海域海床冲淤变化大致分为四个阶段,即1931—1970年大幅淤积,海床净淤积量达到169.47×10⁶m³,淤积强度为5.18 cm/a;1971—2005年海床淤积幅度减弱,海床净淤积量为12.24×10⁶m³,淤积强度为0.41 cm/a;2006—2009年海床由淤转冲,海床净冲刷量为14.70×10⁶m³,冲刷强度为3.60 cm/a;2010—2017年海床持续冲刷,海床净冲刷量为10.17×10⁶m³,冲刷强度为1.33 cm/a。除1931—1970年10 m等深线向海大幅扩张以及1971—2005年10 m等深线有部分向海扩张外,1971—2017年5 m与10 m等深线普遍向陆后退。2006—2017年,位于北关港内的2 m等深线也向陆后退。冲淤结果显示,苍南海域海床未来可能呈现弱侵蚀态势。其中,风暴潮频发导致海床经常性失稳加之长江入海泥沙的减少导致该区域泥沙补给不足,二者共同作用可能是该区域海床由淤积逐渐转为侵蚀的主导因素。     

Theoretical aspects of cap-rock and fault seals for single- and two-phase hydrocarbon columns

Cap-rock seals can be divided genetically into those that fail by capillary leakage (membrane seals) and those whose capillary entry pressures are so high that seal failure preferentially occurs by fracturing and/or wedging open of faults (hydraulic seals). A given membrane seal can trap a larger oil column than gas column at shallow depths, but below a critical depth (interval), gas is more easily sealed than oil. This critical depth increases with lower API gravity, lower oil GOR and overpressured conditions (for the gas phase). These observations arise from a series of modelling studies of membrane sealing and can be conveniently represented using pressure/ depth (P/D) profiles through sealed hydrocarbon columns. P/D diagrams have been applied to the more complex situation of the membrane sealing of a gas cap underlain by an oil rim; at seal capacity, such a two-phase column will be always greater than if only oil or gas occurs below the seal.These conclusions contrast with those for hydraulic seals where the seal capacity to oil always exceeds that for gas. Moreover, a trapped two-phase column, at hydraulic seal capacity will be less than the maximum-allowed oil-only column, but more than the maximum gas-only column. Unlike membrane seals, hydraulic seal capacity should be directly related to cap-rock thickness, in addition to the magnitude of the minimum effective stress in the sealing layer and the degree of overpressure development in the sequence as a whole.Fault-related seals are effectively analogous to membrane cap-rocks which have been tilted to the angle of the fault plane. Consequently, all of the above conclusions derived for membrane cap-rocks apply to both sealing faults sensu stricto (fault plane itself seals) and juxtaposition faults (hydrocarbon trapped laterally against a juxtaposed sealing unit). The maximum-allowed two-phase column trapped by a sealing fault is greater than for equivalent oil-only and gas-only columns, but less than that predicted for a horizontal membrane cap-rock under similar conditions. Where a two-phase column is present on both sides of a sealing fault (which is at two-phase seal capacity), a deeper oil/water contact (OWC) in one fault block is associated with a deeper gas/oil contact (GOC) compared with the adjacent fault block. If the fault seal is discontinuous in the gas leg, however, the deeper OWC is accompanied by a shallower GOC, whereas a break in the fault seal in the oil leg results in a common OWC in both fault blocks, even though separate GOC's exist. Schematic P/D profiles are provided for each of the above situations from which a series of fundamental equations governing single- and two-phase cap-rock and fault seal capacities can be derived. These relationships may have significant implications for exploration prospect appraisal exercises where more meaningful estimates of differential seal capacities can be made.The membrane sealing theory developed herein assumes that all reservoirs and seals are water-wet and no hydrodynamic flow exists. The conclusions on membrane seal capacity place constraints on the migration efficiency of gas along low-permeabiligy paths at depth where fracturing, wedging open of faults and/or diffusion process may be more important. Contrary to previous assertions, it is speculated that leakage of hydrocarbons through membrane seals occurs in distinct pulses such that the seal is at or near the theoretically calculated seal capacity, once this has been initially attained.Finally, the developed seal theory and P/D profile concepts are applied to a series of development geological problems including the effects of differential depletion, and degree of aquifer support, on sealing fault leakage, and the evaluation of barriers to vertical cross-flow using RFT profiles through depleted reservoirs. It is shown that imbibition processes and dynamic effects related to active cross-flow across such barriers often preclude quantitative analysis and solution of these problems for which simulation studies are usually required.     

现代海洋地质学及其发展

近几十年来,海洋的重要性愈来愈明显,海洋地质学作为海洋科学中最活跃的一门科学也取得了很大的发展。对海洋地质学的研究内容、意义以及当前发展的现状和趋势作了介绍。     

2DVAR方法在台湾海峡海表流场融合中的应用

高频地波雷达可以提供沿岸大面积海表流的观测,但单个地波雷达只能提供径向流观测。本研究发展了一套二维变分(Two-Dimensional VARiational Method, 2DVAR)数据融合方法,将台湾海峡海域的地波雷达径向流数据与ROMS (Regional Ocean Model System)模式输出结果进行融合,得到一套较好的融合产品。结果显示,融合产品与雷达径向流的平均相对误差相较于模式输出与雷达径向流的平均相对误差由9.70%降低至1.54%。为进一步检验融合方法,设计了两种独立样本试验。试验一将雷达径向流按空间均匀划分为融合样本与独立样本,使用雷达融合样本与模式输出进行融合,此时融合结果的平均均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)相较于模式输出由0.41 m/s降低至0.19 m/s。试验二将雷达径向流和模式输出在空间上都均匀划分为融合样本与独立样本,对两种数据的融合样本进行融合,使用TC (Triple Collocation)方法估计模式输出、雷达观测与融合结果的误差方差,此时融合结果的平均误差方差最小,且其误差方差相对于独立的雷达径向流与模式输出在远岸处有明显减小。以上结果都表明融合数据更加接近实际海流,证明了2DVAR方法融合海表流的有效性。     

从铀系列同位素角度探讨砂岩型铀矿的形成过程及找矿标志

本文通过对512矿床含矿层不同地段铀系列同位素研究,对砂岩型铀矿的形成过程及找矿标志进行了探讨,根据矿卷前锋铀系列同位素组成分布规律和含矿层不同氧化还原分带中样品铀系列同位素分布特征,认为砂岩型铀矿含矿层岩石的铀系列同位素组成分区特征不仅可以记录铀富集的滚动成矿过程,而且可以作为预测铀矿化的重要找矿标志依据,A区应定名为"氧化还原矛盾区"较为合适.     

三维含拓扑地质剖面三角剖分可视化研究

三维剖面是地质对象表达和地质问题分析中最基本和最常用的数据。该文分析三维复杂地质折剖面可视化存在的问题,并提出展开剖分算法。该方法保证了各点之间的水平距离与剖面拓扑关系不变,能够对由"多边形-弧段-结点"矢量结构构成的三维折剖面进行有效剖分。在此基础上实现了三维剖面的可视化,尤其合理解决了纹理映射中的纹理变形与重复接缝等问题。     

济南城市四维动态地质信息系统构建研究

近20多年,济南泉水流量逐渐衰竭,泉水断流时有发生,为保护泉水,恢复泉水喷涌,塑造济南城市形象,该次研究基于50多年的济南地下水勘查、试验和研究成果,实现对城市多源、海量、多期次、多比例尺、异构地质数据的有效管理,然后建立不同地质数据的专业模型,实现对模型时空展布特征的三维可视化再现,并提供对模型的专业处理与分析。最后,从二维三维等水文地质概念模型出发,加入时间维度,由历史积累的时空关系,反映济南城市地下水的时空变化规律,在三维地质模型的基础上实现地下水动态监测数据的嵌入,构成地下水四维地质信息系统,在其空间表征的基础上,介绍了城市地下水的形成,泉水的分布、成因、演化以及泉水断流的原因、保泉供水的对策措施等,引导城市地下水的保护和发展,为政府决策提供参考。     

Managing land-use effects on Northland dune lakes: lessons from the past

The Northland region of New Zealand includes numerous high-value, macrophyte-dominated dune lakes. Recent water policy reforms offer limited guidance on managing for aquatic macrophytes. In addition, dune lake histories are poorly known as regular monitoring dates to 2005 AD. Here, ca. 4000 years of lake functional behaviour is reconstructed from sedimentary archives in two Northland dune lakes (Humuhumu and Rotokawau). Results demonstrated that macrophyte dominance is sensitive to catchment erosion and hydrological drawdown. Degradation of macrophyte communities occurred in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, earlier at Lake Humuhumu than Lake Rotokawau (post-1880 AD and post-1930 AD, respectively). In both lakes, increased erosional influx reduced macrophyte productivity, before later increases to wider trophic state (post-1970 AD). Lake-level decline is linked to increased nutrient loading at Lake Rotokawau but less so, Lake Humuhumu which is more strongly groundwater-fed. In Northland dune lakes, water-level reduction and erosional influx from land use have driven macrophyte degradation.     

基于Flex API的南海海洋地质调查数据共享服务平台实现

海洋地质调查是我国建设海洋强国的战略需求, 调查产生的数据具有重要的应用价值。随着计算机技术、数据库技术和网络技术的快速发展, 海洋地质调查数据的数字化管理、应用和共享已成为衡量我国海洋科技水平的重要标志。鉴于传统WebGIS应用交互性差, 扩展再利用性能弱的缺点, 文章以南海海洋地质调查数据库为基础, 采用基于Flex技术的应用开发接口(Flex API) 和ArcGIS Flex Viewer应用系统框架进行开发, 并定制自定义的微件(Widget)在应用框架的基础上进行功能扩充, 开发部署在网络环境下的“南海海洋地质调查数据共享服务平台”, 用户能快速、便捷地获取调查数据。文章实现了南海海洋地质调查基本信息的集中管理、展示与服务, 该平台能够较好地满足地勘科技人员与管理人员对海洋地质工作信息服务的需求。