我国玄武岩地下水的基本特征

论述了玄武岩的空隙类型及其网络系统、玄武岩水文性质基本特征,分析了玄武岩地下水的富集规律和补径排条件,同时,还对玄武岩地下水资源及其开发利用,以及玄武岩地区广泛分布的饮用天然矿泉水做了简要介绍。     

三江平原地下水资源潜力评价

三江平原地区第四系松散堆积物厚度一般为100～200m,最厚达：300m,为结构单一、大厚度的砂、砂砾石含水层,储存运移着巨量的孔隙水(部分为微承压水)。含水层疏导功能与富水性强,单井涌水量多在1000m^3／d,且水质为矿化度小于lg／L的淡水。依据含水层的地质时代和贮水介质类型,将三江平原地下水系统划分成第四系孔隙含水层亚系统、第三系孔隙裂隙含水层亚系统、基岩裂隙含水层亚系统。其中第四系孔隙含水层亚系统进一步分成更新统含水层次级亚系统和全新统含水层次级亚系统;第四系更新统含水层次级亚系统又细分为下、中、上更新统含水层。根据盆地浅部区域地下水分布的主要控制因素(流域水系、地质构造、地貌条件、含水层结构及地下水补、径、排条件),对三江盆地地下水系统进行了系统的描述;各地下水动力亚系统受外部动力条件(降水、蒸发、地表水、地下水)的制约,同时受内动力条件(含水介质循环条件)的控制,形成了独特的地下水动力场;论述了含水层系统的特征、边界条件、输入特征、输出特征、内部功能特征等。最后对三江平原的地下水资源潜力进行了计算与评价：依据水均衡原理,充分地考虑了计算区及计算单元在开采状态下多年补、排均衡的基础上,利用长系列的气象、水文资料,应用三维模型模拟计算了丰、平、枯水年各计算单元的地下水补给量和可开采量,进而求得了多年均衡条件下全区地下水可开采资源量。     

生态水文学与生态水文地质学

在分析生态水文学学科发展过程的基础上，对生态水文地质学的研究对象、内容和方法进行了讨论。生态水文地质学是生态学与水文地质学交叉渗透后形成的学科，是地下水资源可持续利用的理论基础。当前中国生态水文地质学研究的主要任务是生态状况的定量描述、水文地质条件与生态状况的关系、多重界面水分转换机制及其生态效应、含水层中地下水各种物理化学过程的生态效应和气候变化对地下水的影响及其生态响应等问题。生态水文地质学必将在中国实施可持续发展战略的过程中发挥巨大的作用。     

综合电法在祁连山山前缺水区寻找地下水的应用

应用电测深、激电测深和瞬变电磁测深方法,结合区域水文地质条件,在被前人判定为贫水或无水区的河西走廊祁连山山前缺水区开展了综合电法勘查找水工作,分别发现了分布面积广的第四系大厚度粘土层深部和第三系泥岩深部存在高阻含水体。经20余眼水文地质勘探孔验证,单井涌水量大于2000m³/d,矿化度小于1.0g/L,布井成功率达95%以上。不但彻底解决了这一地区人饮水源的问题,而且为今后类似地区的找水工作积累了经验,具有显著的社会效益。     

长城堡岩体西段放射性水文地质特征及其找矿方向

文章论述了长城堡岩体西段放射性水文地质特征、水化学异常特征和铀矿化特征，探讨了三者之问的相关关系；指出该区铀矿化受水化学异常区和水文地球化学垂直分带的控制，铀主要富集在氧化-还原过渡带；根据该区铀易浸出的特点，认为适合于用溶浸和地浸法开采。     

峰峰梧桐庄矿充水因素分析

梧桐庄煤矿2001年投产，年产量约150万t。目前矿井平均排水量为540m^3／h，且矿井水的矿化度超过5．0g／L。通过对梧桐庄矿水文地质条件、水质特征等因素的分析，认为梧桐庄矿开采2号煤层的矿井充水因素为奥灰水，充水通道主要为陷落柱及导水裂隙，为矿井防治水提供了参考依据。     

The role of the Spanish Committee of the International Association of Hydrogeologists in the management and protection of Spain's groundwater resources

 Spain is a relatively large European country (ca. 500,000 km²) with extensive semiarid areas in which there exists a large number of good aquifers. In some areas, these aquifers are intensively developed and are the most important sources of fresh water. Nevertheless, groundwater development and protection has rarely been duly considered by the Spanish Water Administration, despite the pressure to remedy this situation by various groups of experts, some of them members of the Water Administration. The Spanish Committee of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) has been very active during the last decade in promoting activities to spread groundwater science, technology, and management in Spain and outside, mostly in Latin America, and in trying to orient water policy toward issues of groundwater. These activities include mainly the organization of technical and scientific meetings on current topics such as groundwater in the new Water Act, overexploitation, groundwater in water-resources planning, groundwater pollution, natural-recharge estimation and others. The impact of these activities on the recent water policy of Spain seems significant, and the experience gained may be applicable to other countries. Received, February 1997 · Revised, July 1997 · Accepted, July 1997     

Case 21 water level and strain changes preceding and following the August 4, 1985 Kettleman Hills, California, earthquake

Two of the four wells monitored near Parkfield, California, during 1985 showed water level rises beginning three days before theM _w 6.1 Kettleman Hills earthquake. In one of these wells, the 3.0 cm rise was nearly unique in five years of water level data. However, in the other well, which showed a 3.8 cm rise, many other changes of comparable size have been observed. Both wells that did not display pre-earthquake rises tap partially confined aquifers that cannot sustain pressure changes due to tectonic strain having periods longer than several days. We evaluate the effect of partial aquifer confinement on the ability of these four wells to display water level changes in response to aquifer strain. Although the vertical hydraulic diffusivities cannot be determined uniquely, we can find a value of diffusivity for each site that is consistent with the site's tidal and barometric responses as well as with the rate of partial recovery of the coseismic water level drops. Furthermore, the diffusivity for one well is high enough to explain why the preseismic rise could not have been detected there. For the fourth well, the diffusivity is high enough to have reduced the size of the preseismic signal as much as 50%, although it should still have been detectable. Imperfect confinement cannot explain the persistent water level changes in the two partially confined aquifers, but it does show that they were not due to volume strain. The pre-earthquake water level rises may have been precursors to the Kettleman Hills earthquake. If so, they probably were not caused by accelerating slip over the part of the fault plane that ruptured in that earthquake because they are of opposite sign to the observed coseismic water level drops.     

关于山西岩溶泉水资源保护问题的探讨

本文在分析山西高原岩溶泉特征基础上,论述了岩溶泉的保护问题:合理扩泉岩溶水开采的统一规划;溶泉水利用的统一管理。根据岩溶泉形成和“三水”转化的观点提出了人为改变天然水文地质条件,增加补给量,减少排泄量,是增大泉水流量的根本途径。具体措施:植树造林;修建水利工程;引水回灌。     

利用水电站PD16硐方解石研究划分坝区岩溶发育期

本文在分析采集于西南某水电站PDl6硐壁裂缝中不同位置的方解石形成年代以及碳氧同位素的基础上，结合坝区具体的水文地质情况，确定了研究河段岩溶发育的时间及其演化。