THE VITRINITE REFLECTANCE OF FAULT ROCKS FROM THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE FAULT ZONE: CONSTRAINTS ON FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE FAULT DURING THE EARTHQUAKE

The temperature rise caused by frictional heating during seismic slip is able to indicate dynamic frictional properties of the seismic fault,which provides an approach to understand the dynamic process and energy budget of an earthquake.The residual indicators of frictional heating within the fault zone also can be taken as an evidence for seismic events.The vitrinite reflectance is a commonly-used geothermometer in the coal,oil and gas industries.It also has some potential applications in the studies of fault rock and fault mechanics.We studied vitrinite reflectance (VR) of fault rocks collected from surface outcrops of the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone in this paper.The measured data reveal that the VR of fault rocks are affected by fault motion,and there is a trend that the VR increases towards the fault core,which indicates the effects of frictional heating.The VR of fault rocks from the Bajiaomiao outcrop is much higher than those from the Shenxigou outcrop,which probably suggests the difference in fault activity at the two outcrops.Our study also suggests that systematic measurement of VR across the fault zone is helpful in identifying slip zones and determining their widths.From the VR measurement on an oriented specimen containing the slip surface of the Wenchuan earthquake from the Shenxigou outcrop,we observed anomalous high VR values in two black-colored slip zones of about 2mm in width near the slip surface.The numerical calculation shows that the maximum temperature rise on the fault plane near Shenxigou was probably less than 162℃ during the Wenchuan earthquake,which means the dynamic fault strength was quite low.These estimations are roughly in accord with the results from the high-velocity frictional experiments.     

煤镜质组反射率的定向特征及其应力指示意义 ——以淮北矿区为例

基于淮北矿区4个矿井共15块煤定向样品的镜质组反射率测试数据,在相容性调整的基础上,开展煤样镜质组反射率三维椭球体进行拟合。结合区域及采样地成煤后构造演化分析及煤样变形类型特征,深入研究煤镜质组反射率三维椭球体的方位和形状对应力、温度和变形结构的响应,并探讨其内在机理。结果显示:煤镜质组反射率三维椭球体最大—中间反射率所在平面的倾向多与区域应力来源方向相近,其原因可能归结于煤中芳香片层向垂直于岩石圈当中近水平构造应力和上覆地层压力的合力方向优势发育。垂直于挤压应力方向延伸的断层的干扰、煤变形程度和多期应力场的叠加效应是导致少数样品指示异常的主因。在多期应力场叠加影响区域,镜质组反射率定向会向后期应力方向发生不同程度偏转。但对于强变形构造煤,煤体颗粒间的移位旋转会削弱镜质组反射率重新定向偏转的程度,使其镜质组最大—中间反射率平面倾向主要指示前期应力来源方向。岩浆热异常是导致最大—中间反射率所在平面陡倾的主要因素之一。根据弗林参数,多数样品表现为扁椭球型,仅是煤正常演化的反映,而长椭球型则主要反映了岩浆热异常的的影响。     

利用吸收和发光光谱技术分析高温高压天然富氢钻石的鉴定特征

对不同类型褐色钻石进行高温高压处理和结构特性研究是钻石研究中的难点和重点之一。前人对富氢钻石的研究主要集中于其特殊的生长结构以及其形成环境的探讨,而对富氢钻石经高温高压处理后的变化特征鲜有涉及。本文对经高温高压处理前后的富氢钻石的红外光谱、紫外可见吸收光谱以及光致发光光谱等谱学特征进行了对比,研究其鉴定特征。结果表明:高温高压处理前后的富氢钻石的光谱特征具有明显差异,特别是红外光谱,经处理后的钻石中与氮氢有关的吸收峰如3310 cm~(-1)、3232 cm~(-1)、3189 cm~(-1)等明显减弱甚至消失,并出现与孤氮有关的新的2688 cm~(-1)吸收峰;紫外可见光吸收光谱中,经处理的褐色钻石中的无选择性吸收(钻石呈褐色的原因)变为孤氮的典型吸收,即550 nm至短波的吸收以及N_3中心(415 nm)的吸收均明显增强,因此钻石也由原来的褐色变为黄色。钻石经处理前后的光致发光光谱中,与氮原子有关的缺陷类型、峰的强度以及缺陷组合也有变化。本文获得的光谱变化特征,为准确鉴定高温高压处理的黄色富氢钻石提供了依据,也为解释与氢和氮相关的晶格缺陷在高温条件下的变化机理提供了理论基础。     

鄂尔多斯盆地热演化程度异常分布区及形成时期探讨

鄂尔多斯盆地在中生代晚期存在一期构造热事件,本文在对大量的镜质体反射率、火成岩年龄、磷灰石裂变径迹等资料分析的基础上,对构造热事件发生的时间、存在的地区及形成机理进行了深入的研究。鄂尔多斯盆地中生代晚期地热异常区主要分布在盆地南部的吴旗—庆阳—富县一带,构造热事件主要发生在中生代晚期早白垩世约140～100Ma,构造热事件持续时间约在10～40Ma之间。鄂尔多斯盆地中生代晚期构造热事件发生的根本原因在于中生代晚期岩石圈深部的热活动增强,盆地南部岩石圈深部热活动性更强,早白垩世鄂尔多斯盆地处于一种弱拉张的构造环境,地幔发生底侵作用,岩石圈减薄,发生岩浆侵入和喷发。异常地温场形成可能与秦岭造山带燕山晚期强烈的构造活动导致鄂尔多斯盆地岩石圈深部活动有密切的关系。     

鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起奥陶系构造-热演化史恢复

鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起区构造位置独特,演化历史复杂.该区下古生界奥陶系碳酸盐岩有机质丰度较高,是寻找天然气的有利地区.奥陶系碳酸盐岩由于缺乏有效的古温标,热演化程度的确定及热演化历史的恢复一直是研究的难题.本文利用渭北隆起奥陶系碳酸盐岩大量的沥青反射率测试资料,结合上覆晚古生代、中生代地层的镜质组反射率资料及磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹等古温标,恢复了渭北隆起的构造热-演化史.研究结果表明古生界奥陶系热演化程度具有北高南低的特点.奥陶系等效镜质组反射率普遍大于2.00％,处于过成熟干气阶段.磷灰石裂变径迹资料表明渭北隆起抬升冷却具有南早北晚的特点.南部奥陶系-下二叠统抬升早,约为102～107 Ma,北部自65 Ma以来抬升,主要抬升时期为40 Ma以来.渭北隆起自早白垩世晚期(102～107 Ma)以来开始隆升,40 Ma以来具有整体快速隆升的特点.热演化史研究表明奥陶系经历的最大古地温是在早白垩世达到的,早白垩世发生过一期构造热事件,古地温梯度可达4.60℃/100 m,早白垩世是奥陶系烃源岩的主要生气期,生气期主要受构造热事件控制.奥陶系热演化程度及热演化史的研究对渭北隆起奥陶系天然气成藏条件研究及天然气勘探有重要意义.     

湖相烃源岩Ro异常与无机元素相关性初探

对东营凹陷牛38井主力烃源岩段沙河街三段 Ro值与对应的无机元素含量进行了相关性分析,结果表明 ,牛38井沙河街组烃源岩中, K、Na、Zn、Ni、Mg、Li、Ba、Co、Rb等无机元素含量与 Ro值分布总体呈正相关性,其中 K、Na、Rb等强碱金属元素含量与 Ro值正相关性相对较强;Ca、Sr、Mn等金属元素含量与 Ro值总体呈负相关性;Fe、B含量与 Ro值相关性差.     

煤层气甲烷碳同位素的分布特征与控制因素

研究表明 ,在相同热演化程度条件下 ,除少量样品外 ,煤层气δ13 C1值一般较煤型气偏轻。影响煤层气甲烷碳同位素变轻的因素相当复杂。母质类型、成熟度、解吸扩散及运移效应、次生生物气的混入以及CO2 和CH4之间的同位素交换反应等都是影响煤层气甲烷碳同位素组成与分布的重要因素。     

海相镜质体反射率用作早古生代烃源岩成熟度指标研究

中国早古生代烃源岩由于缺乏镜质组,加之成熟度较高,常现成熟度指标较难应用,长期以来,对这套烃源岩成熟度评价一直存在问题。塔里木盆地是中国最大的以早古生代地层为主的含油气盆地,在寒武系和奥陶系生油岩中发育有海相镜质体。应用有机岩石学方法主要对塔里木盆地四口深井岩芯样品进行了研究,发现海相镜质体反射率与孔深呈正相关,且其相关性优于沥青反射率,人工热模拟实验结果进一步表明,海相镜质体成熟作用轨迹不同于镜质组。在R＜1．5％时,其反射率比镜质组低;在R＞1．5％时,其反射率比镜质组高。结合天然剖面与热模拟系列样品研究成果,发现R与Ro的相关性可划分为三个阶段,可分别近似用三个直线方程表示：根据海相镜质体反射率实测结果,应用这些方程计算出等价Ro,可较客观地评价早古生代烃源岩成熟度。     

Characteristics of Hydrogen-rich Coals in Southern China: Implications from Organic Geochemistry and Carbon Isotopic Compositions

The organic geochemical characteristics of hydrogen-rich coal in southern China were investigated synthetically through organic geochemistry and carbon isotope analyses.The results showed that the hydrogen contents of the test samples were more than 5.0% and the H/C atomic ratios were between 0.76-1.06.Samples were found to be composed mostly of Type Ⅱ-Ⅲ℃ kerogen,consistent with good hydrocarbon-generation potential.The R_o(0.54-1.10%)and T_max(430-453℃)values imply that the hydrogen-rich coals were in low maturity to mature stages.Stable carbon isotopic ratios(δ¹³C_org)of the samples used varied from ?24.5‰ to ?23.4‰,the barkinite content ranging from 13.9% to 83.3%,indicating a predominantly terrestrial origin with marine influence during coal formation.Some organic geochemical parameters showed corresponding changes as the hydrogen content increased from 5.0% to 7.0%,however,the source inputs changed significantly when hydrogen content was greater than 6.0%.Terrestrial higher plants gradually become predominant within the coal-forming materials,whereas this dominant position is not apparent at lower hydrogen contents,which is attributable to the strong seawater effect during the hydrogen-rich coal formation process.