叠合型不整合结构与油气分布样式：以塔中石炭系东河砂岩为例

探讨了东河砂岩三级层序界面处发育的不整合结构在空间上有序分布所造成油气的差异运聚。将东河砂岩划分为底部不整合上覆层、原状输导层、风化残余层、风化黏土层、顶部不整合上覆层和区域盖层6类成藏结构单元。成藏结构单元在塔中西北地区和塔中东南地区组成不同,构成两类7种不整合成藏结构样式。两类成藏结构样式分别对应两类的油气藏组合:(1)在塔中地区西北部成藏结构单元被分隔,油气沿东河砂岩段顶部风化黏土层及盖层底部发生运移,形成不整合遮挡型油气藏组合,包括不整合上覆层背斜油气藏、不整合上覆层岩性油气藏和风化残余层低幅背斜油气藏3种油气藏;(2)在东南地区成藏结构单元之间发生连通,油气底部不整合上覆层和盖层底部向隆起部位侧向输导,形成不整合连通型油气藏组合,包括连通型背斜油气藏和连通型地层超覆油气藏2种油气藏。这为东河砂岩的进一步勘探开发提供了指导。     

Evolution of Tectonic Uplift, Hydrocarbon Migration, and Uranium Mineralization in the NW Junggar Basin: An Apatite Fission-Track Thermochronology Study

The Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic movement largely controls the northwest region of the Junggar Basin (NWJB), which is a significant area for the exploration of petroleum and sandstone-type uranium deposits in China. This work collected six samples from this sedimentary basin and surrounding mountains to conduct apatite fission track (AFT) dating, and utilized the dating results for thermochronological modeling to reconstruct the uplift history of the NWJB and its response to hydrocarbon migration and uranium mineralization. The results indicate that a single continuous uplift event has occurred since the Early Cretaceous, showing spatiotemporal variation in the uplift and exhumation patterns throughout the NWJB. Uplift and exhumation initiated in the northwest and then proceeded to the southeast, suggesting that the fault system induced a post spread-thrust nappe into the basin during the Late Yanshanian. Modeling results indicate that the NWJB mountains have undergone three distinct stages of rapid cooling: Early Cretaceous (ca. 140–115 Ma), Late Cretaceous (ca. 80–60 Ma), and Miocene–present (since ca. 20 Ma). These three stages regionally correspond to the Lhasa-Eurasian collision during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (ca. 140–125 Ma), the Lhasa-Gandise collision during the Late Cretaceous (ca. 80–70 Ma), and a remote response to the India-Asian collision since ca. 55 Ma, respectively. These tectonic events also resulted in several regional unconformities between the J3/K1, K2/E, and E/N, and three large-scale hydrocarbon injection events in the Piedmont Thrust Belt (PTB). Particularly, the hydrocarbon charge event during the Early Cretaceous resulted in the initial inundation and protection of paleo-uranium ore bodies that were formed during the Middle–Late Jurassic. The uplift and denudation of the PTB was extremely slow from 40 Ma onward due to a slight influence from the Himalayan orogeny. However, the uplift of the PTB was faster after the Miocene, which led to re-uplift and exposure at the surface during the Quaternary, resulting in its oxidation and the formation of small uranium ore bodies.     

准噶尔盆地西北缘深部烃类流体与表生氧化流体叠合铀成矿作用

为查明准噶尔盆地西北缘中、下侏罗统砂岩铀矿化成因及其与烃类流体间的关系。通过对目的层油砂提取物碳同位素和Re-Os同位素测试,得出目的层中的烃类主要是深部油气藏在晚侏罗世-早白垩世时期(155±51 Ma)遭受构造破坏逸散后充注的,初始来源于玛湖坳陷下二叠统风城组烃源岩。结合野外地质调查、岩心宏观及镜下微观鉴定,得出目的层砂岩在烃类流体充注前后分别遭受过后生氧化作用。前期古氧化作用程度强,发育赤铁矿化,成矿潜力大;而后期氧化为近现代氧化,强度偏弱,以褐铁矿化为主,时代新,成矿规模小。最终,建立了该区中、下侏罗统砂岩烃类流体还原与后生氧化耦合的四阶段铀成矿模式:(1)八道湾组-西山窑组期间为原生还原性含矿建造形成期;(2)头屯河组-齐古组期间为古层间氧化带及其古铀矿床形成期;(3)齐古组晚期-新近纪末为烃类流体充注还原与泥岩超覆掩盖期;(4)第四纪以来为近现代层间氧化带及其铀矿体形成期。该模式的提出对含油气盆地内砂岩型铀矿找矿具有指导意义。     

Geometry,distribution and fill of erosional scours in a heterolithic,distal lower shoreface sandstone reservoir analogue: Grassy Member,Blackhawk Formation,Book Cliffs,Utah, USA

Many shoreface sandstone reservoirs host significant hydrocarbon volumes within distal intervals of interbedded sandstones and mudstones. Hydrocarbon production from these reservoir intervals depends on the abundance and proportion of sandstone beds that are connected by erosional scours, and on the lateral extent and continuity of interbedded mudstones. Cliff‐face exposures of the Campanian ‘G2’ parasequence, Grassy Member, Blackhawk Formation in the Book Cliffs of east‐central Utah, USA , allow detailed characterization of 128 erosional scours within such interbedded sandstones and mudstones in a volume of 148 m length, 94 m width and 15 m height. The erosional scours have depths of up to 1·1 m, apparent widths of up to 15·1 m and steep sides (up to 35°) that strike approximately perpendicular (N099 ± 36°) to the local north–south palaeoshoreline trend. The scours have limited lateral continuity along strike and down dip, and a relatively narrow range of apparent aspect ratio (apparent width/depth), implying that their three‐dimensional geometry is similar to non‐channelized pot casts. There is no systematic variation in scour dimensions, but ‘scour density’ is greater in amalgamated (conjoined) sandstone beds over 0·5 m thick, and increases upward within vertical successions of upward‐thickening conjoined sandstone beds. There is no apparent organization of the overall lateral distribution of scours, although localized clustering implies that some scours were re‐occupied during multiple erosional events. Scour occurrence is also associated with locally increased amplitude and laminaset thickness of hummocky cross‐stratification in sandstone beds. The geometry, distribution and infill character of the scours imply that they were formed by storm‐generated currents coincident with riverine sediment influx (‘storm floods’). The erosional scours increase the vertical and lateral connectivity of conjoined sandstone beds in the upper part of upward‐thickening sandstone bed successions, resulting in increased effective vertical and horizontal permeability of such intervals.     

二连盆地马尼特坳陷伊和勘查区二叠系油气信息及其意义

在总结二连盆地马尼特坳陷伊和勘查区钻遇地层与烃源岩发育特征的基础上,通过对揭示二叠系的钻井油气显示与油气层测试情况,以及对不同井区原油物性与地球化学特征的分析,认为YH3井天然气、YH8井区轻质原油与中生界烃源岩无关,探讨了与石炭系—二叠系烃源岩有关的油气赋存信息,为二连盆地石炭系—二叠系油气地质调查与勘探提供重要信息。     

Structural characteristics and evolution of the South Yellow Sea Basin since Indosinian

Based on the seismic data gathered in past years and the correlation between the sea and land areas of the Lower Yangtze Platform, the structural characteristics of the South Yellow Sea Basin since the Indosinian tectonic movement is studied in this paper. Three stages of structural deformation can be distinguished in the South Yellow Sea Basin since the Indosinian. The first stage, Late Indosinian to Early Yanshanian, was dominated by foreland deformation including both the uplifting and subsidence stages under an intensively compressional environment. The second stage, which is called the Huangqiao Event in the middle Yanshanian, was a change for stress fields from compression to extension. While in the third stage (the Sanduo Event) in the Late Himalayan, the basin developed a depression in the Neogene-Quaternary after rifting in the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene. The long-time evolution controlled 3 basin formation stages from a foreland basin, then a fault basin to a final depression basin. In conclusion, since the Indosinian, the South Yellow Sea Basin has experienced compressional fold and thrust, collisional orogen, compressional and tensional pulsation, strike-slip, extensional fault block and inversion structures, compression and convergence. The NE, NEE, nearly EW and NW trending structures developed in the basin. From west to east, the structural trend changed from NEE to near EW to NW. While from north to south, they changed from NEE to near EW with a strong-weak-strong zoning sequence. Vertically, the marine and terrestrial facies basins show a “seesaw” pattern with fold and thrust in the early stages, which is strong in the north and weak in the south and an extensional fault in later stages, which is strong in the north and weak in the south. In the marine facies basin, thrust deformation is more prevailing in the upper structural layer than that in the lower layer. The tectonic mechanism in the South Yellow Sea Basin is mainly affected by the collision between the Yangtze and North China Block, while the stress environment of large-scale strike-slip faults was owing to subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate. The southern part of the Laoshan uplift is a weak deformation zone as well as a stress release zone, and the Meso-Paleozoic had been weakly reformed in later stages. The southern part of the Laoshan uplift is believed, therefore, to be a promising area for oil and gas exploration.     

Novel applications of fluid inclusions and isotope geochemistry in unravelling the genesis of fossil travertine systems

The Denizli Basin is a fault‐bounded Neogene–Quaternary depression located in the Western Anatolian Extensional Province, Western Turkey. The basin is a unique geological site with abundant active and fossil (Quaternary) travertine and tufa deposits. Fluid inclusion microthermometry and isotopic analysis were applied to study the genesis of the Ball?k fossil travertine deposits, located in the south‐eastern part of the basin. Microthermometry on fluid inclusions indicates that the main travertine precipitating and cementing fluids are characterized by low salinity (<0·7 wt% NaCl equivalent) and variable temperatures that cluster at <50°C and ca 100°C. Fluids of meteoric origin have been heated by migration to the deeper subsurface, possibly in a local high geothermal gradient setting. A later uncommon cementation phase is related to a fluid with a significantly higher salinity (25·5 to 26·0 wt% bulk). The fluid obtained its salinity by interaction with Late Triassic evaporite layers. Strontium isotopes indicate that the parent carbonate source rock of the different travertine precipitates is very likely to be the Triassic limestone of the Lycian Nappes. Carbon isotopes suggest that the parent CO₂ gas originated from thermal decarbonation of the Lycian limestones with minor contributions of magmatic degassing and organic soil CO₂. Oxygen isotopes confirm the meteoric origin of the fluids and indicate disequilibrium precipitation because of evaporation and degassing. Results were integrated within the available geological data of the Denizli Basin in a generalized travertine precipitation model, which enhanced the understanding of fossil travertine systems. The study highlights the novel application of fluid inclusion research in unravelling the genesis of continental carbonates and provides several recommendations for hydrocarbon exploration in travertine‐bearing sedimentary basins. The findings suggest that travertine bodies and their parent carbonate source rocks have the potential to constitute interesting subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs.     

断裂带油气幕式运移:来自物理模拟实验的启示

断裂结构对油气运移的影响是当前油气输导体系研究的前沿与薄弱环节。本文在调研断裂结构及其流体流动机制的基础上,利用物理模拟实验研究断裂带油气幕式运移过程,探讨断裂带油气运移机理及相关问题。实验结果表明,断裂内部结构控制着油气运移的路径和方式,含油饱和度在一定程度上影响油气运移的路径;破碎带是油气幕式运移的优势通道,且油气聚集成藏的潜在圈闭为位于油源断裂主动盘一侧的圈闭。单次幕式充注过程中运移量与时间之间的对数型关系表明,流体沿断裂幕式运移具有非线性流的特征,且流动速率可能介于一个相对固定的范围,其数量级约为10~2~10~3m/a;流体沿断裂幕式流动过程包含高速非线性流、过渡流动机制和线性达西流3种流体流动机制,其间的相互转换是一个多物理场相互作用的复杂过程。此外,断层体油气藏的形成条件为油气沿断裂运移时,运移动力与阻力在断裂带内达成平衡状态。     

湖相烃源岩原始有机质恢复与生排烃效率定量研究 ——以东营凹陷古近系沙河街组四段优质烃源岩为例

在烃源岩沉积有机相精细划分的基础上,优选东营凹陷古近系沙河街组四段的优质烃源岩样品,建立了完整的自然演化地球化学剖面,并应用物质平衡法,开展了原始有机质恢复和生排烃效率定量计算。计算结果表明,沙河街组四段主力供烃区间内的优质烃源岩具有高生排烃效率和原始有机质丰度恢复系数,其中深层高过成熟阶段排烃效率可达70%~80%,原始有机质丰度恢复系数可达1.5~2.0,较以往资源评价中采用的数值有较明显提高。据该结果推算,东营凹陷沙河街组四段的总排烃量总体上将有一定程度的提高,其中中浅层烃源岩的资源贡献有所降低,而深层烃源岩的资源贡献有较大幅度升高,主力烃源岩埋藏深度有下沉的趋势,这预示着深层具有丰富的资源基础和勘探前景。研究成果对于济阳坳陷乃至整个渤海湾盆地的油气资源潜力再认识和深层油气藏勘探具有重要的指导意义。     

硫化物中硫同位素组成的EA-IRMS分析方法

进行元素分析仪（EA）-稳定同位素质谱仪（IRMS）系统测定硫化物中硫同位素实验,并建立在线连续流分析方法.当参考气离子流强度为1.5V,Ag2S样品量为0.6 mg,Conflo Ⅳ-He载气压力为1.01＆#215;105 Pa,EA系统He载气流量为90～100 mL/min,氧气流量为175 mL/min,反应炉温度为1020℃,色谱分离柱温度为100℃时,系统测量准确度为0.15‰、精密度0.12‰,可以满足快速、高效测定硫同位素的要求.