白骨壤人工湿地对模拟对虾养殖废水处理效果及细菌群落组成的影响

【目的】探讨白骨壤人工湿地处理模拟对虾养殖废水的效果。【方法】通过室内构建白骨壤垂直流人工湿地和无植被人工湿地系统,研究处理时间和水力负荷对人工湿地处理模拟对虾养殖废水的影响,并分析人工湿地内部生物膜的细菌群落结构。【结果】人工湿地启动60d后的稳定运行阶段,白骨壤人工湿地总氮和氨氮的去除率分别在77.19%～84.66%,91.62%～98.48%,无植被人工湿地总氮和氨氮去除率分别在41.40%～61.69%,47.08%～79.79%,白骨壤人工湿地对总氮和氨氮去除率显著高于无植被人工湿地(P <0.05);在总磷、有机物和总有机碳去除率方面,两者无显著差异。白骨壤人工湿地处理养殖废水3d后总氮、氨氮、总磷、有机物和总有机碳去除率分别为84.7%、94.1%、92.0%、64.1%和66.2%,出水浓度均低于海水养殖废水排放标准(GB3097-1997)。白骨壤人工湿地生物膜中变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospinae)丰度显著高于无植被人工湿地(P <0.05);无植被人工湿地蓝细菌占细菌总量的5.36%。水力负荷对总氮、氨氮和总磷的去除率影响显著(P<0.05);当水力负荷0.06m^3/(m^2·d^-1)时,总氮、氨氮和总磷的去除率均达到最大值,分别为66.6%、75.0%和41.8%;日去污量均值为51.6、73.5和10.4 mg/d。有机物和总有机碳在不同水力负荷下去除率变化不显著(P> 0.05)。【结论】白骨壤构建海水人工湿地是循环海水养殖废水生物处理的一种有效途径。     

Investigating the geomorphic characteristics of an Amazonian headwater stream draining a páramo ecosystem

Páramos are neotropical alpine grasslands located in the northern Andes of South America. Although they cover important headwater regions, little is known about the hydro-geomorphic characteristics of páramo river systems, which are increasingly being impacted by human use and climate change. The objective of this research is to characterize the geomorphology of the Ningar River, Ecuador, an Amazonian headwater river that drains a 22.7 km2 páramo sub-basin, by (1) classifying the geomorphology based on common geomorphic classifications, (2) deriving downstream hydraulic geometry relationships, and (3) performing a global comparison with mountain river systems. Common geomorphic field surveying techniques were used to acquire the necessary data. Results suggest that the Ningar River has similar form-function characteristics as other known mountain headwater streams and corresponds to commonly known stream classification systems, but displays more of an alluvial character than might be expected for montane headwater streams as a result of a convexity in the stream’s longitudinal profile. Additionally, preliminary analyses suggest that other páramo headwater streams may exhibit similar characteristics; thus, the findings of this research are important for future management and protection of these valuable headwater ecosystems.     

面向对象的库区高分一号影像土地利用信息提取

高分一号（GF-1）是我国自主研发的第一颗高分辨率遥感卫星,其包含地物信息较为丰富,已应用于土地利用信息提取,但在水利工程库区土地利用调查方面研究较少。本文以峡江水利枢纽工程库区为例,首先对库区影像进行了基于RPC模型的正射校正、几何精纠正等预处理;然后针对GF-1的传感器响应特性,采用基于多元线性波段拟合的方法对多光谱与全色影像进行融合,该方法相对于传统分量替换法具有更好的融合性能;最后综合利用影像的光谱、纹理及形状等特征,采用面向对象的方法对融合后的库区影像进行了地类信息提取与分类精度评价。试验结果表明,融合影像可以有效提取水利工程库区的土地利用信息,总体分类精度达到87.9%,Kappa系数为0.836,能够满足库区土地利用调查和变化监测的要求。     

西藏易贡滑坡堰塞湖的卫星遥感监测方法初探

利用多时相，多平台的卫星遥感数据，监测了西藏易贡滑坡发生后易贡湖的变化情况，快速获取了各时相的湖水面积；利用数字高程模型求取易贡湖各时相的水位与水量；并进行了导致溃坝的洪水的水力学计算。卫星监测和计算结果与现场调查结果基本一致。表明利用卫星遥感数据定量监测地质灾害是可行的。     

山东省砂岩热储地热资源开发利用模式探讨

通过对山东省砂岩热储地热资源、开发利用现状及存在问题的分析,结合社会、经济、环境效益及清洁能源应用需求,提出了地热供暖、梯级利用、多级取热、尾水回灌为适合山东省砂岩热储地热资源合理开发、高效利用及采灌均衡可持续开发利用模式。以此模式建立的山东省首个砂岩热储地热回灌示范工程——德州市水文家园,示范效果良好,促进了山东省鲁北地区地热供暖产业的持续健康发展,实现了社会、经济、生态环境的共赢。     

Local stress field inverted for a shale gas play based on focal mechanisms determined from the joint source scanning algorithm

The joint source scanning algorithm (SSA) scans locations and focal mechanisms of microseismic events simultaneously. Compared to the traditional source scanning algorithm, it yields much more events with extra information of focal mechanisms. The availability of more events and focal mechanisms make it possible to invert for a 2D gridded stress field. As a byproduct of hydrofracturing monitoring, the method offers a new way to extract stress field as a substitute to other more expensive technologies. This method is applied to a hydraulic fracturing dataset collected from one shale gas production field in the southeast of the Sichuan basin. A damped stress inversion is conducted to obtain a 2D stress field. five hydraulic-fracturing induced fractures can be determined from the result. The events associated with these fractures generally have relatively low stacked energy and are limited to the depth of horizontal well. One existing fault (possibly associated with the axis of the central Sichuan uplift) is also determined and the events associated with the existing fault generally have higher stacked energy and are more densely populated. The existing fault may also serve as a structural boundary where the rocks to the NW side are easier to be fractured while events on the other side are sparse with low stacked energy. The existing fault also divides the stress field into two regimes: the maximum compressional stress field to the NW and SE of the fault line are dominantly in NW-SE and N-S directions, respectively.     

非比例阻尼线性体系地震反应计算的振型分解反应谱法

以非比例阻尼线性体系地震反应计算实数形式的一般解答为基础,推导得到了非比例阻尼线性体系水平地震作用计算的多种形式,建立了非比例阻尼线性体系地震反应计算振型分解反应谱法的基本过程与步骤。最后,以一个五层剪切型结构为例,通过与各种常用直接积分方法计算结果的比较,证实了本文非比例阻尼线性体系地震反应计算实数形式的一般解答的高精度与可靠性。通过对多种形式地震作用所得地震效应的比较,证实了非比例阻尼线性体系地震反应振型分解反应谱方法的可靠性及可行性。     

岩体裂隙饱和/非饱和渗流机理初步研究

基于裂隙局部开度为平行板模型的假定,按一定分布抽样生成裂隙面上开度随机数,并分别对单裂隙饱和及非饱和渗流进行了数值模拟.裂隙饱和及非饱和渗流在渗流机理上都是由于水势差引起的,只不过在非饱和渗流情形下,湿润相水压力小于非湿润相空气的压力.饱和渗流时,水流主要集中在大开度,即“沟槽”中;而非饱和渗流时,水流运动多发生在小开度,即“狭缝”中.     

Multi-stage fluid circulation in a hydraulic fracture breccia of the Larderello geothermal field (Italy)

The deep well MV5A, drilled in the western part of the Larderello geothermal field, crossed a 20-cm-thick hydraulic fracture breccia unit at a depth of 1090 m below ground level (b.g.l.). This breccia occurs in a fine-grained Triassic metasandstone and consists of angular to subangular clasts of up to some centimeters in size. Pervasive alteration has affected the breccia clasts and wall rock around the breccia, with the formation of Mg–Fe chlorite. After such alteration, hydrothermal circulation caused the precipitation of two generations of calcite cement. Then, ankerite partially replaced these two calcite generations. Ankerite also precipitated in late veinlets with chlorite. Late hydrothermal activity led to the crystallization of albite, quartz and finally, anhydrite. The calcite contains vapor-rich inclusions and two populations of liquid-rich (L1 and L2) inclusions. L1 inclusions are characterized by homogenization temperatures between 304 and 361°C and salinities from 7.4 to 11.6 wt.% NaCl equivalent; L2 inclusions revealed homogenization temperatures in the range of 189–245°C and salinities from 2.6 to 6.3 wt.% NaCl equivalent. The fluids contained in L2 inclusions were probably trapped coevally with some vapor-rich inclusions under boiling conditions after the L1 inclusions formed. Some of the abundant vapor-rich inclusions in calcite may also represent early, low-temperature inclusions affected by decrepitation and/or stretching and/or leaking during L1 trapping. The liquid-rich (L) inclusions trapped at later stages in ankerite, albite and anhydrite display, respectively, homogenization temperature ranges of 189–198°C, 132–145°C, and 139–171°C, and salinities ranging from 1.6 to 1.7 wt.% NaCl equivalent, 1.4 to 2.1 wt.% NaCl equivalent and 3.7 to 6.2 wt.% NaCl equivalent. The inclusions studied record the evolution, over time, of the fluids flowing in the breccia level: L1 inclusions capture high-temperature fluid (about 300 to 350°C) of high salinity (around 10 wt.% NaCl equivalent) at above-hydrostatic pressures (up to about 150 bar). The L2 inclusions in calcite and liquid-rich inclusions in ankerite and albite represent subsequent hydrothermal fluid evolution toward lower temperatures (about 250 to 130°C), pressures (45 to a few bar) and salinities (6.3 to 1.4 wt.% NaCl equivalent). During this stage, boiling processes and infiltration of meteoric waters probably occurred. Finally, moderately saline fluids (around 5 wt.% NaCl equivalent) at a temperature (about 160°C) close to that of present-day in-hole measurements was trapped in the anhydrite inclusions. The liquids trapped in liquid-rich inclusions circulated at 41,000 years (maximum age of calcite) or later. This age represents an upper limit for the development of vapor-dominated condition, in this part of the geothermal system. The fluids circulating at the breccia level were probably meteoric and/or connate waters. These fluids may have interacted with the anhydrite and carbonate bearing formations present in the Larderello area. The occurrence of the hot and saline fluids, trapped in L1 inclusions at above-hydrostatic pressure, suggests that similar fluids but with higher pressure (≥167 bar) and temperature (≥360°C) may have been responsible for rock fracturing.     

高压实膨润土热湿耦合效应实验室模拟

本文研究了作为高放废物深地质处置库最后一道人工屏障－缓冲层在热湿耦合艇下的宏观表现,通过自行设计的实验,得到了一些有益的启示,初步认为在本研究涉及的时间范围内,水势场对高压实膨润土中温度场分布影响较小,而温度场对其中水分运移有一定影响。文中介绍了有关实验设计、实验步骤,实验结果与分析,对多孔介质中传热传质研究及高放废物深地质处理有一定参考价值。．