CRG桩在花岗岩持力层中的试验研究

CRG桩(预应力高强混凝土管注浆桩)取得了国家发明专利。介绍了CRG桩施工方法及试验桩施工情况,讨论了在花岗岩地层施工中遇到的孔内沉渣清理、管桩上浮及灌浆问题。对CRG桩的灌浆充填体进行了钻芯检测,发现充填体胶结质量不高,充填体强度低,影响桩身强度的提高。但静载试验表明,CRG桩的侧阻力和端阻力都得到充分发挥,单桩承载力比同直径的钻孔灌注桩有较大的提高。为在花岗岩持力层中CRG桩的试验积累了经验。     

切割式横缝碾压混凝土重力坝抗震安全性研究

由于切割式横缝的联接作用,切割式横缝碾压混凝土重力坝近似为一个整体结构。当遭遇强震作用时,随着切割式横缝的开裂程度不同,碾压混凝土重力坝的抗震安全性也就有所不同。针对切割式横缝的结构特点,在有限元法动力分析中,利用“生死”单元来模拟切割式横缝的联接单元和切割单元,且以整个横缝联接单元弹性模量的不同折减来模拟切割式横缝的不同开裂程度,并应用到金安桥水电站左岸坡坝段群的抗震安全性分析中。分析结果表明：金安桥水电站左岸坡坝段群在设防烈度为IX度的地震作用下,切割式横缝的开裂对左岸坡单个坝段和坝段群的抗震安全性影响不大,且大坝是安全的。这说明了金安桥水电站碾压混凝土重力坝结构设计合理,能够抵御设防地震。     

土石坝心墙水力劈裂的研究进展

简要评述了国内外关于土石坝心墙水力劈裂的研究现状,归纳了土石坝心墙水力劈裂在发生机理、发生条件和影响因素等方面的研究成果。     

岩层阻水性能及自然导升高度研究

在沉积、成岩或者构造运动过程中,由于含水层内超压流体引起围岩爆裂导致流体在弱渗透层或者隔水层中导升,形成含水层的自然导升带。影响岩层阻水性能以及导升高度的因素有:构造、地应力、岩层渗透性和力学特性及其物理化学性质、水压力等。实验表明:初始水头压力越大,水头衰减速率就越大;水头压力损耗随着介质的渗透系数增大而减小。实际观测表明:泥岩、粉砂岩、中砂岩、灰岩的阻水性能由大到小,而导升高度则由小变大。通过实验和实际观测总结出流体3种导升机制:局部关键层整体破断裂缝、欠压实带中的壳破裂裂缝和水力压裂裂缝。      

阳江抽水蓄能电站岩体水压致裂综合测试与应用研究

阳江抽水蓄能电站的输水隧洞围岩承受最大静内水压力高达7.83MPa, 因此原地应力状态、围岩自身承载能力及高压透水性状等对工程的科学设计不可或缺。测量结果表明, 工程区现今地壳应力场的总体特征为:水平主应力为最大主应力, 最大水平主应力的优势方向为NW-NWW向; 厂房和高压岔管区围岩的最大主应力值一般为14.5±0.5MPa, 最小主应力值一般为9±0.5MPa; 围岩自身的抗载强度一般为10~14MPa; 在8~10MPa高压力作用下围岩基本不透水。洞室围岩物理力学参数的这些测试成果, 为工程的科学设计提供了可靠依据。      

碳同位素在草地生态系统碳循环中的应用与展望

草地生态系统在全球碳循环研究中占有重要地位,目前,碳同位素技术已经被广泛地应用于草地生态系统碳循环研究中。本文阐述了碳同位素在草地土壤有机碳的来源、光合作用产物碳在草地生态系统中的分配、草地土壤有机质的周转及草地土壤呼吸研究方面的应用,重点论述了碳同位素在土壤呼吸方面的应用。应用碳同位素对土壤呼吸进行区分的方法主要包括13C自然丰度法、脉冲标记法、同位素稀释法、模拟根际沉积物法、14CO2动态模型法、根系分泌物洗涤法等。碳同位素技术对草地土壤和根干扰很小,方法相对成熟,为深入研究草地生态系统碳循环提供了巨大潜力。在我国,应用碳同位素方法研究草地生态系统碳循环在土壤有机碳的来源、分配及周转和土壤呼吸区分等方面有进一步研究的必要,也有进一步研究的发展空间。     

Recent water quality trends and a comparison to sediment-core records for two riverine lakes of the Upper Mississippi River basin: Lake St. Croix and Lake Pepin

Long-term water quality monitoring data from two riverine lakes in the Upper Mississippi River basin, Lakes St. Croix and Pepin, were analyzed to compare the long-term average water quality conditions and land use distributions, water quality trends and loads at lake inlets and outlets, trends from long-term versus short-term monitoring records, and the ability of paleolimnological cores to accurately infer lake water quality conditions. During the 1976–2004 period, the long-term average concentrations of nutrients, suspended solids, and chlorophyll-a were consistently lower at the Lake St. Croix inlet versus the Lake Pepin inlet, which drains a greater proportion of urban and agricultural runoff. Despite these differences, nutrient trends were similar at the inlets to both lakes; reductions in total phosphorus and ammonium concentrations were attributed to improvements in point source technologies, whereas increasing nitrate concentrations were attributed to both point source changes and nonpoint source increases. Despite improvements in several water quality variables, nitrate concentrations are increasing in both lakes, sediment trends indicate persistent nonpoint source inputs to Lake Pepin, and current total phosphorus concentrations remain well above pre-1950s levels in both lakes. Since urban development and agriculture are increasing in the Lake St. Croix and Lake Pepin Watersheds, continued point source regulation and additional nonpoint source control efforts will be needed to further improve water quality in these lakes. The 1976–2004 trends for most water quality variables were similar at inlet versus outlet sites on Lake St. Croix. Trends at Lake Pepin inlet versus outlet sites were less similar, but data availability limited the comparison to the 1993–2003 period. While the truncated data record highlighted short-term trends in both lakes, the full data record was most useful for exploring general patterns in water quality. Length of monitoring record affected our ability to detect trends at the inlets to both lakes, and altered the magnitude of detected trends. During the two decades of the 1980s and 1990s, paleolimnological estimates of retained phosphorus loads were similar to those estimated from recent water quality monitoring. These similarities support the use of paleolimnological approaches to infer past water quality conditions in Lakes St. Croix and Pepin. This is one of eight papers dedicated to the “Recent Environmental History of the Upper Mississippi River” published in this special issue of the Journal of Paleolimnology. D. R. Engstrom served as guest editor of the special issue.     

树轮资料(1511～1954)太阳活动的多尺度分析——EMD方法的应用

用EMD对Stu iver等提供的树轮14C资料进行分析,结果为:①得到太阳活动的准3、6、11、22、44、110、200、300 a的周期;从趋势项中可以得到准600 a甚至更长的周期波动;②可以判断太阳活动经典的极小期,与公认的极小期有一定的滞后性。从树轮14C含量的变化趋势中可以判断从1954~2100年的太阳活动变化逐渐变强,从2100~2350年太阳活动逐渐开始变弱;③从每个尺度周期波动的时变特征中可以得到,即使在太阳活动的极小期,太阳活动依然存在频率和强度不同的周期波动。     

Heterogeneous characteristics of streambed saturated hydraulic conductivity of the Touchet River,south eastern Washington,USA

Traditionally a streambed is treated as a layer of uniform thickness and low saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) in surface‐ and ground‐water studies. Recent findings have shown a high level of spatial heterogeneity within a streambed and such heterogeneity directly affects surface‐ and ground‐water exchange and can have ecological implications for biogeochemical transformations, nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and reproduction of gravel spawning fish. In this study a detailed field investigation of K was conducted in two selected sites in Touchet River, a typical salmon spawning stream in arid south eastern Washington, USA. In‐stream slug tests were conducted to determine K following the Bouwer and Rice method. For the upper and lower sites, each 50 m long and 9 m wide and roughly 20 m apart, a sampling grid of 5 m longitudinally and 3 m transversely was used. The slug tests were performed for each horizontal coordinate at 0·3–0·45, 0·6–0·75, 0·9–1·05 and 1·2–1·35 m depth intervals unless a shallower impenetrable obstruction was encountered. Additionally, water levels were measured to obtain vertical hydraulic gradient (VHG) between each two adjacent depth intervals. Results indicated that K ranged over three orders of magnitude at both the upper and lower sites and differed between the two sites. At the upper site, K did not differ significantly among different depth intervals based on nonparametric statistical tests for mean, median, and empirical cumulative distribution, but the spatial pattern of K varied among different depth intervals. At the lower site, K for the 0·3–0·45 m depth interval differed statistically from those at other depth intervals, and no similar spatial pattern was found among different depth intervals. Zones of upward and downward water flow based on VHG also varied among different depth intervals, reflecting the complexities of the water flow regime. Detailed characterization of the streambed as attempted in this study should be helpful in providing information on spatial variations of streambed hydraulic properties as well as surface‐ and ground‐water interaction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Consolidation of inelastic clays under rectangular cyclic loading

This paper presents a semi-analytical solution for one dimensional consolidation problem of inelastic clays under cyclic loading considering the effect of the change of the consolidation coefficient of the soil layer. Due to change of the consolidation coefficient, and time-dependant loading, Terzaghi's theory would not be applicable in cyclic conditions. In this research, a method based on the time variable exchange along with the superimposing rule is employed to overcome these shortcomings. Changes in the consolidation coefficient are applied in the solution by modifying the loading and unloading durations introducing a Virtual Time. Based on the superimposing rule a set of continuous static loads in specified times are used instead of the cyclic load in the transformed time space. Each full cycle of loading is replaced by a pair of static loads with different signs. Based on the Terzaghi's theory the pore-water pressure distribution and the degree of consolidation are calculated for each static load and the results are superimposed. A set of laboratory consolidation tests under cyclic load and numerical analysis are performed in order to verify the presented method. The numerical solution and laboratory tests results showed the accuracy of the presented method.