A THERMO-VISCOPLASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR CLAYS

The effect of heat on clay behaviour is characterized by non-linearity and irreversibility. Due to the complex influence of temperature, thermomechanical factors have to be taken into account for the numerical simulation of the behaviour of such materials. A cyclic thermo-viscoplastic model is developed for this purpose. It includes thermal hardening and the evolution of yield surfaces with temperature. From the physical point of view, it is built on the basis of available experimental results for a temperature range in which no phase change occurs. Conceptually, it is the generalization of an isothermal multimechanism cyclic model. A thermoplastic formulation of the model is also derived. The results obtained from numerical simulations compare well with experiments. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Closure to discussion of “experiment and statistical assessment on piping failures in soils with different gradations”

This paper responds to the comments from two discussions. The comments related to the uncertainties in the internal stability criteria and the determination of input soil property for prediction models, which affect the accuracy of predicting critical hydraulic gradient, are addressed and discussed.     

关于抗浮设防水位及浮力计算问题的分析讨论

参阅了近10年来国内11篇文献和2本专著中有关抗浮问题和地下水渗流问题的论述,对抗浮设防水位的确定和浮力的计算问题提出看法和建议。     

DISCONTINUOUS FLOW OF TURBID DENSITY CURRENTS II.INTERNAL HYDRAULIC JUMP

1 INTERNAL HYDRAULIC JUMPS AND LOCAL WATER ENTRAINMENT Traveling and stationary internal hydraulic jumps in two-layer flow can occur in the following situations (Fig. 1). When a stratified fluid flows over an obstacle created by a sudden blockage, the layer of increased depth within the heavier fluid will propagate upstream as a traveling hydraulic jump. When the heavier fluid overtops the obstacle it will flow along the downstream face of the obstacle as a supercritical flow…     

Establishing the role of pedogenesis in changing soil hydraulic properties

Chronosequences provide suitable sources for the study of changes in soil hydraulic behaviour as a result of long-term pedogenesis. For a podsol chronosequence in the Scottish Highlands, data are presented to indicate the changes that have occurred over 13000 years in the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) in each horizon. As the soil profile has evolved into a differentiated sequence of three horizons, the resulting hydrological changes can be both measured and quantified by relating K_sat to textural properties and bulk density. The results are significant for interpretation of changing runoff processes and slope stability.     

新场气田分段压裂水平井裂缝布局优化

新场气田属于大型多层致密砂岩异常高压气藏,储层物性差,非均质性强,气井动用储量低。目前,为大幅度提高气井产能,提高储量动用长度,该气藏多采用多段压裂水平井开发。因此,迫切需要论证裂缝参数及其组合对多段压裂水平井开发效果的影响,为气藏下步科学高效开发和持续高产稳产提供理论基础。以川西新场气田为研究对象,采用数值模拟法深入研究了压裂水平井裂缝几何布局对气井产能的影响,包括非均匀裂缝长度、非均匀裂缝间距、压裂规模与裂缝数量、裂缝长度与间距的匹配、裂缝夹角与间距的匹配。结果表明:对于多段压裂水平井,U型模式的裂缝长度布局最优;均匀裂缝间距开发效果优于非均匀裂缝间距;水力压裂时,少段数长缝能取得更佳的开发效果;0. 67~1倍缝长的裂缝间距布局、垂直于井筒的正交裂缝布局有利于改善压裂水平井开发效果,裂缝间距的增大能有效降低非正交裂缝低夹角对产量的影响。     

The impact of flow discharge on the hydraulic characteristics of headcut erosion processes in the gully region of the Loess Plateau

Headcut erosion is associated with major hydraulic changes induced by the gully head of concentrated flow. However, the variation in the hydraulic characteristics of the headcut erosion process is still not clear in the gully region of the Loess Plateau. A series of rainfall combined scouring experiments (flow discharges ranging from 3.6 to 7.2 m³ hr⁻¹, with 0.8 mm min⁻¹ rainfall intensity) were conducted on experimental plots to clarify the variation in the hydraulic parameters induced by gully head and erosion processes under different flow discharges. The results showed that concentrated flows in the catchment area and gully bed were turbulent (Reynolds number ranging from 1,876 to 6,693) and transformed between supercritical and subcritical (Froude number ranging from 0.96 to 3.73). The hydraulic parameters, such as the flow velocity, Reynolds number, shear stress, stream power, Darcy–Weisbach friction factor, and unit stream power in the catchment area were 0.45–0.59 m s⁻¹, 2086–6693, 1.96–5.33 Pa, 0.89–2.86 W m⁻², 0.08–0.16, and 0.023–0.031 m s⁻¹, respectively. When the concentrated flows dropped from the gully head, the hydraulic parameters in the gully bed decreased by 3.39–26.07%, 1.49–29.99%, 65.19–67.14%, 67.25–74.96%, 28.53–61.31%, and 67.82–77.14%, respectively, which contributed to the flow energy consumption at the gully head. As flow discharge increased, Reynolds number, shear stress, and stream power increased, while flow velocity, Froude number, unit stream power, and Darcy–Weisbach friction factor did not. The flow energy consumption at the gully head was 9.66–10.13, 13.25–13.74, 15.68–16.41, and 19.28–20.25 J s⁻¹, respectively, under different flow discharges and accounted for 60.58–68.50% of the flow energy consumption of the experimental plots. Generally, the sediment discharges increased rapidly at the initial stage, then increased slowly, and finally reached a steady state condition, which showed a significant declining logarithmic trend with experimental duration (P<.01) and increased with increasing flow discharge. Accordingly, the flow energy consumption was significantly correlated with the sediment yield. These findings could improve our understanding of the hydraulic properties and flow energy characteristics of headcut erosion.     

水力裂缝穿越非连续面扩展时的断裂过程研究

非连续面发育是非常规油气储层的显著地质特征之一,水力裂缝能否穿越非连续面扩展会关系到压裂的改造效果。为研究水力裂缝穿越非连续面扩展时断裂过程区（fracture process zone,简称FPZ）发育特征,采用自主设计的可视化压裂试验装置对含预制摩擦界面的砂岩平板试件开展水力压裂试验。基于数字图像相关法实时监测了水力裂缝正交穿越界面扩展过程中的位移及应变场特征。试验结果表明,水力裂缝穿越界面扩展之前,断裂过程区已经开始跨越界面发育;裂缝能否穿越界面扩展在FPZ的初始发育阶段已经注定,不受FPZ内应力软化过程影响。基于Renshaw-Pollard准则建立了考虑FPZ边界范围的裂缝穿越非连续面扩展准则,并通过前人及文中试验数据进行了可靠性验证。相比而言,改进准则更准确地考虑了裂缝前端线弹性断裂力学的适用范围。研究发现FPZ长宽比对裂缝穿越界面扩展准则有显著影响,相同条件下,FPZ长宽比越大,裂缝正交穿越界面扩展所需要的摩擦系数下限值越小。     

水文学与水力学相结合的南四湖洪水预报模型

南四湖流域是一个复杂的大流域，是东线南水北调的重要调节湖泊之一，也是干旱和洪水频繁流域．本文首先采 用分布式的新安江模型，对有实测流量资料的支流流域进行了模型参数率定，洪量预报达到了一定的精度，建立了南四湖 流域的洪水预报模型．采用一维、二维水力学模型并与水文学模型耦合进行上级湖的流量演进以及二级坝水利枢纽的 调度．     

Crack Coalescence in Molded Gypsum and Carrara Marble: Part 2—Microscopic Observations and Interpretation

Experimental uniaxial compression loading tests were conducted on molded gypsum and Carrara marble prismatic specimens to study the cracking and coalescence processes between pre-existing artificial flaws. The study showed that material had an influence on the cracking and coalescence processes (see the companion paper in this issue). As reported in the companion paper, one of the pronounced features as observed in the high-speed video recordings was the development of macroscopic white patches prior to the development of observable cracks in marble, but not in gypsum. This paper (part 2) deals with the microscopic aspects of the study. Specifically, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) imaging techniques were used to study the microscopic development of white patches and their evolution into macroscopic tensile cracks and shear cracks in marble, and the microscopic initiation of hair-line tensile cracks and their evolution into macroscopic tensile cracks in gypsum. The microscopic imaging study in marble showed that the white patches were associated with extensive microcracking zones (process zones), while the extent of process zone development in gypsum was limited. The comparison of the macroscopic and microscopic results indicates that the different extent of microcracking zone development, related to the material textural properties, is a key factor leading to different macroscopic cracking behavior in gypsum and marble.