煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查模型

战略性金属矿产资源在国民经济发展和国防安全中发挥重要作用。煤系作为一种特殊的含煤沉积岩系,在特定地质环境下可形成大型乃至超大型战略性金属矿床,煤系战略性金属矿产已成为矿产资源勘查的新领域和新方向。本文分析了煤与煤系战略性金属矿产的基本特征,从煤与煤系战略性金属矿产有效的协同勘查技术方法（组合）和协同勘查工程布置方面,构建了地质- 地球物理- 地球化学- 钻探等关键技术的煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查模型。基于煤与煤系战略性金属矿产的基本特征,确定协同勘查对象包括煤- 锂/镓矿床、煤- 锗矿床、煤- 铌- 锆- 镓- 稀土矿床、煤- 铀矿床。在煤炭勘查的技术上,煤- 锂/镓矿床协同勘查需加强地震和测井资料的处理分析,增加岩石地球化学勘探技术手段对煤层、煤层顶底板、夹矸的采样测试;煤- 锗矿床协同勘查增加岩石地球化学勘探技术手段对煤层的采样测试;煤- 铌、锆、镓、稀土矿床协同勘查技术手段要加强测井技术（自然伽马）及岩石地球化学勘探对自然伽马高异常层样品的采集测试;煤- 铀矿床协同勘查充分利用煤炭钻孔自然伽马测井、地震勘探、电磁法勘探及磁法勘探资料进行分析,在自然伽马高异常区划定铀潜力资源区,加强自然伽马能谱测井、伽马能谱录井、穿透性地球化学测量及岩石地球化学勘探等技术手段协同运用。基于煤系战略性金属矿产的分布特征和经济性,遵循“全面筛查,分区施策”的原则,依据勘查对象相应的矿产地质勘查规范,确定煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查类型和协同勘查工程布置方案,包括勘查系统选择、勘查工程布置、勘查施工顺序,探讨了资源量估算方法和估算参数。基于煤与煤系战略性金属矿产的协同勘查技术方法（组合）和协同勘查工程布置,分别构建了煤- 锂/镓矿床、煤- 锗矿床、煤- 铌- 锆- 镓- 稀土矿床、煤- 铀矿床的协同勘查模型,为煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查工作提供理论基础和方法依据。     

Using a H∞ filter assimilation procedure to estimate root zone soil water content

Root zone soil water content impacts plant water availability, land energy and water balances. Because of unknown hydrological model error, observation errors and the statistical characteristics of the errors, the widely used Kalman filter (KF) and its extensions are challenged to retrieve the root zone soil water content using the surface soil water content. If the soil hydraulic parameters are poorly estimated, the KF and its extensions fail to accurately estimate the root zone soil water. The H‐infinity filter (HF) represents a robust version of the KF. The HF is widely used in data assimilation and is superior to the KF, especially when the performance of the model is not well understood. The objective of this study is to study the impact of uncertain soil hydraulic parameters, initial soil moisture content and observation period on the ability of HF assimilation to predict in situ soil water content. In this article, we study seven cases. The results show that the soil hydraulic parameters hold a critical role in the course of assimilation. When the soil hydraulic parameters are poorly estimated, an accurate estimation of root soil water content cannot be retrieved by the HF assimilation approach. When the estimated soil hydraulic parameters are similar to actual values, the soil water content at various depths can be accurately retrieved by the HF assimilation. The HF assimilation is not very sensitive to the initial soil water content, and the impact of the initial soil water content on the assimilation scheme can be eliminated after about 5–7 days. The observation interval is important for soil water profile distribution retrieval with the HF, and the shorter the observation interval, the shorter the time required to achieve actual soil water content. However, the retrieval results are not very accurate at a depth of 100 cm. Also it is complex to determine the weighting coefficient and the error attenuation parameter in the HF assimilation. In this article, the trial‐and‐error method was used to determine the weighting coefficient and the error attenuation parameter. After the first establishment of limited range of the parameters, ‘the best parameter set’ was selected from the range of values. For the soil conditions investigated, the HF assimilation results are better than the open‐loop results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青海省日月山断裂对公路工程的致灾机理研究

通过对青海省内一条北北西向右旋走滑断裂对公路工程危害现象的野外实地调查和室内有限元分析,对其蠕滑运动下的致灾机理进行了讨论。结果表明,断层蠕滑作用下的灾害多分布在上盘,且上盘公路南半侧多发张剪性破裂,北半侧多发压扭性破裂,交汇位置的先期破裂是由南侧路沿开始并向路内扩展的。     

Law of the sea and ASW: National security versus arms control

The law of the sea has always been open to the charge of being a ‘covenant without a sword’ and its effectiveness when challenged by the perceived national security of a superpower is questionable. Attempts to limit and control antisubmarine warfare (ASW) have demonstrated that neither superpower is prepared to risk its second-strike capability for what may be an illusory legal protection. This article reviews developments relevant to ASW in the law of the sea and describes the significance of ASW to the superpowers' strategic objectives. The authors conclude by stressing the urgent need for effective arms control.     

内蒙古西乌旗沙尔哈达晚侏罗世A型花岗岩：地球化学特征、岩石成因与动力学背景

内蒙古西乌旗沙尔哈达花岗岩侵入于贺根山缝合带蛇绿岩中。LA-ICP-MS锆石测年指示,沙尔哈达花岗岩岩株于晚侏罗世(154.6±1.2 Ma)侵位,矿物组合以石英、碱性长石和斜长石为主,富SiO2(74.86%~75.97%)、K2O(4.4%~4.95%),贫MgO(0.044%~0.22%)、CaO(0.38%~0.77%)、TiO2(0.046%~0.18%)和P2O5(0.007%~0.042%),A/CNK=1.03~1.09, 小于1.1,强烈亏损Ba、Sr、Eu、P、Ti,具有典型的右倾“海鸥型”稀土元素分配模式,表现出典型的铝质A型花岗岩的矿物组合及地球化学特征。沙尔哈达A型花岗岩具有低的(87Sr/86Sr)i值(0.7014~0.70374)、低正εNd(t)值(+3.96~+4.31)、高的εHf(t)值(+10.54~+14.72)。同位素地球化学特征指示,沙尔哈达花岗岩可能源于新生的中基性地壳物质部分熔融及其后的结晶分异作用。沙尔哈达A型花岗岩为晚侏罗世蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合后造山伸展作用的产物,和蒙古-华北北部地块散布的其他A型花岗岩共同指示中晚侏罗世广泛的中下地壳伸展。     

水利工程震害中土工结构低应力破坏实例分析

实际工程活动与低应力下土石料工程性质密切相关。总结了与低应力条件相关的工程活动,在总结分析以往地震中堤防和坝体滑坡案例的基础上,指出滑坡深度通常小于7 m,其上覆有效应力大多小于100 kPa。在对106组地震液化数据资料分析的基础上,指出地基液化大多发生在上覆有效应力低于100 kPa的低应力条件下。在目前的研究中,通常只关注中、高应力条件下土石料的工程性质。在应用中低应力区的土石料计算参数取值通常与中、高应力条件下获得的强度和变形参数一致,而高、低应力条件下土石料的强度和变形特性是不同的,这种计算参数取值方法的适用性存在疑虑。因此,研究低应力条件下土石料的工程性质,探讨数值计算中低应力条件下土石料计算参数的取值方法,具有重要的工程意义和科学价值。     

银额盆地巴隆乌拉白垩系巴音戈壁组黑色页岩沉积环境及有机质富集模式

银额盆地早白垩世沉积的巴音戈壁组湖相页岩是一套重要的烃源岩。通过对巴隆乌拉剖面黑色页岩进行地球化学分析,研究其主量、微量和稀土元素特征,以及黑色页岩沉积的古环境及有机质富集模式。结果表明,Sr/Ba值为0.14~0.24,平均值为0.18,B/Ga值为3.89~6.51,平均值为5.03,相当B含量为230.88×10-6~375.99×10-6,平均值为294.95×10-6,古盐度为11.97‰~15.83‰,平均值为14.70‰;V/(V+Ni)值为0.67~0.84,平均值为0.74,Ceanom值为-0.113~0.018,平均值为-0.055;古气候指数(C)为0.80~1.34,平均值为1.06,化学蚀变指数(CIA)为75~81,平均值为79;古水深为4.16~88.04 m,平均值为33.40 m;P/Ti值为0.10~0.22,平均值为0.15,过剩钡(BaXS)为-46.5×10-6~144.5×10-6,平均值为38.85×10-6。综合各参数特征,研究区黑色页岩沉积于温暖、湿润、半咸水、缺氧的还原环境,沉积水体较深,具有低的古生产力条件。有机碳含量与沉积环境间相关性的研究表明,巴音戈壁组黑色页岩有机质富集是古盐度、氧化-还原条件、古气候、古生产力等因素共同作用的结果。研究结果可为银额盆地中生界沉积演化和油气资源评价提供理论支撑。     

QTPV data model and algorithm and its application to geological exploration engineering

3D spatial data model and simulating are the core of 3D GIS can be adopted in different domains. A data model based on Quasi Tri-Prism Volume (QTPV) has been proposed. QTPV definition and its special cases have been discussed. Using QTPV and its special cases, irregular natural geological bodies and regular subsurface engineering can be described efficiently. The proposed model is composed of five primitives and six objects. Data structures and topological relationship of the fives primitives and three objects describing stratigraphy are designed in detail. Some schemes are designed for the QTPV modelling of stratigraphy and subsurface engineering according to modelling data. The model manipulation method of QTPV cutting by an arbitrary plane is discussed. Using VC++ 6.0 programming language integrated with SQL database and OpenGL graphic library under windows environment, a system prototype 3DGeoMV has been developed. The experiment result shows that the QTPV model is feasible and efficient in modelling subsurface engineering.     

单线激光雷达扫描的矿车装载量核算方法

面向露天矿山生产对于矿车装载量核算的需求,本文提出了一种利用单线激光雷达扫描的矿车装载量自动核算方法.该方法首先采用固定式单线激光雷达对目标车辆进行俯视扫描,基于车辆形态特征分割出载荷物顶部点云;然后经时态校正,并与预先构建的车辆信息数据库进行匹配,重建出载荷物的三维表面模型;最后通过对载荷物表面模型的切片积分实现方量...     

专业认证制度下变形观测分析与预报课程教学改革

文章从落实专业认证的现实需要出发,论述了工程教育专业认证的核心理念.并籍此对变形观测分析与预报课程的教学现状进行了深刻反思,提出了以目标导向为主的课程体系改革,以学生为中心的课堂教学改革,以内外反馈信息为导向的持续改进的课程教改方案.教学各环节中,以专业“产出”衡量专业人才培养质量,“看学不看教”,阶段性考核,确保教学改革落到实处.