Turbulent shear stresses in hydraulic jumps,bores and decelerating surges

In an open channel, a sudden rise in water level induces a positive surge, or bore, that may develop as a hydraulic jump in translation. When the surge propagates against an adverse slope, it decelerates until it becomes a stationary hydraulic jump. Both hydraulic jumps and decelerating surges induce some intense turbulent mixing and have some major impact on the sediment transport in natural systems. Herein, a physical investigation was conducted in a relatively large rectangular channel. Hydraulic jumps and surges were generated by the rapid closure of a gate at the channel downstream end. The turbulent shear stresses were measured with high temporal and spatial resolution (200 Hz sampling rate) in the jump flow. A comparison between the stationary hydraulic jump, hydraulic jump in translation and decelerating surge measurements showed some marked differences in terms of turbulent mixing. The results highlighted some intense mixing beneath the jump front and roller for all configurations. The levels of turbulent stresses were one to two orders of magnitude larger than a critical threshold for sediment motion. The findings provide some insights into the hydraulic jump migration processes in mobile bed channels, and the complex transformation from a moving jump into a stationary jump. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Consistent parameter constraints for soil hydraulic functions

Parameters of functions to describe soil hydraulic properties are derived from measurements by means of parameter estimation. Of crucial importance here is the choice of correct constraints in the parameter space. Often, the parameters are mere shape parameters without physical meaning, giving flexibility to the model. A fundamental requirement is that the hydraulic functions are monotonic: the retention function and the conductivity function can only decrease as the capillary suction increases. A stricter physical requirement for the conductivity function is that its decrease with respect to saturation is at least linear. This linear decrease would occur if all pores of a capillary bundle had an equal radius. In the first part of this contribution, we derive constraints for the so-called tortuosity parameter of the Mualem conductivity model, which allow highest possible flexibility on one hand and guarantee physical consistency on the other hand. In combination with the retention functions of Brooks and Corey, van Genuchten, or Durner, such a constraint can be expressed as a function of the pore-size distribution parameters. In the second part, we show that a common modification of retention models, which is applied to reach zero water content at finite suction, can lead to the physically unrealistic case of increasing water content with increasing suction. We propose a solution for this problem by slightly modifying these models and introducing a correct parameter constraint.     

Widespread overspill from a saline density‐current channel and its interaction with topography on the south‐west Black Sea shelf

Seaward of the Bosphorus Strait, the south‐west Black Sea shelf is dominated by the world's largest channel network maintained by a quasi‐continuous saline (ca 35 → 31 psu) underflow. Calculations indicate that >85% of the initial discharge of ca 10⁴ m³s^?1 spills overbank before the shelf edge. This paper documents interaction of the overspill with sea bed topography using multibeam bathymetry, echo‐sounder images of the water column, conductivity–temperature–depth profiles and sediment cores. Overbank spill is widespread, particularly through crevasse channels and on the middle shelf where confinement by channel banks is negligible. Towards the outer shelf, the wind‐driven Rim Current advects mud along the shelf, contributing to levée successions and deposition on stoss sides of elongate transverse ridges. Echo‐sounder profiles reveal metre‐scale eddies over megaflutes, and breaking lee waves and internal hydraulic jumps over ridges. Megaflutes reach 600 m long and 7 m deep, yet form where the underflow, outside the flute, is no thicker than ca 2 to 5 m. Two types of elongate seaward‐facing ridges are recognized. Type 1 ridges, 2 to 5 m high, consist of bivalve‐rich muddy sand in low‐angle (3·5° to 6°) cross‐sets created by the underflow. Type 2 ridges, ca 5 m high, have crests up to 2 km long and a buried wedge‐shaped foundation (the ‘ridge‐core’) comprised of facies similar to Type 1 ridges. These ridge‐cores are blanketed on the landward side by stratified muds, and are capped by obliquely oriented ribs supporting a diverse benthic community. This facies distribution is interpreted to result from stoss‐side and lee‐side velocity and turbulence fluctuations induced by internal hydraulic jumps and breaking lee waves in overspilling portions of the underflow. Experimental results published by W.H. Snyder and co‐workers effectively explain ridge evolution and flow across the ridges, and therefore can be applied with confidence to less easily studied deep‐marine settings swept by turbidity currents.     

钻孔灌注桩泥浆流变特性及水力参数研究分析

钻孔灌注桩泥浆主要功能是稳定孔壁、悬浮和携带钻渣,其泥浆流变特性和水力参数对泥浆作用至关重要。本文首先实验研究了钻孔灌注桩泥浆的流变特性;然后推导出了钻孔灌注桩泥浆流变参数的计算公式;最后分析了钻孔灌注桩泥浆稳定孔壁、携带和悬浮钻渣的特性,对评价和优化钻孔灌注桩泥浆具有重要理论和实践意义。     

Discussion: Stratigraphy and structural summary of the Cooma metamorphic complex

Field and petrographic studies on granitic, hematitic and chloritic breccias in the central portion of the Mount Painter Inlier, South Australia, indicate that: (i) breccias and brecciated basement extend to depths exceeding 400 m and have gradational contacts; (ii) clasts are mainly autochthonous and contain fine‐scale hematite, chlorite or quartz veinlets and fractures; (iii) K‐metasomatism preceded hematitisation and chloritisation; (iv) hematitic breccia intrudes a pegmatite dyke correlated with the Ordovician Arkaroola Pegmatite; and (v) U, F and REE‐containing minerals are present in the Proterozoic basement rocks, and concentrated in the breccias.

With a single exception, δ³⁴S values for pyrite from the breccias and brecciated granites fall in the narrow range —2.9% to +3.5%, implying formation from magmatic emanations or reducing fluids that leached sulphide minerals of magmatic derivation. δ³⁴S values for three barite samples are all close to +16%o, and firm conclusions cannot be drawn from these data. Calcites from the same rock‐types as the pyrite have δ¹³C values of — 22.3%o to —4.2%o and δ¹⁸O values of —4.0%o to +23.1%., with an inverse δ¹³C/δ¹⁸O relationship. The more ¹³C‐depleted calcites probably incorporated CO₂ from organic C, and their δ¹⁸O values are compatible with precipitation from magmatic or metamorphic fluids; mixing of such fluids with meteoric waters is implied by the calcites with variably lower δ¹⁸O values.

The above features indicate that the major processes leading to brecciation and associated metasomatism were hydraulic fracturing and hydrothermal activity resulting from ascent of granitic magmas to shallow crustal levels during late stages (late Ordovician‐?Silurian) of the Delamerian Orogeny. Tectonic and sedimentary processes appear to have played relatively minor roles in breccia formation.     

土壤饱和导水率的多尺度预测模型与转换关系

运用联合多重分形方法研究不同土层土壤饱和导水率与土壤基本物理特性的多尺度相关性,建立不同土层土壤饱和导水率的多尺度预测模型,构建不同土层土壤饱和导水率之间的转换关系。结果表明:不同土层土壤饱和导水率与土壤基本物理特性的相关程度排序不同;在单一尺度和多尺度上,0~20 cm土层土壤饱和导水率与土壤基本物理特性的相关程度排序相同,20~40 cm土层土壤饱和导水率与土壤基本物理特性的相关程度排序不同;土壤饱和导水率多尺度预测模型的预测精度较高,0~20 cm土层和20~40 cm土层拟合值的均方根误差分别为0.035 0和0.029 0;0~20 cm土层和20~40 cm土层土壤饱和导水率转换关系的计算精度较高,拟合值的均方根误差为0.037 5。     

不同土壤转换函数预测砂土非饱和导水率的对比分析

以现有的4种土壤转换函数(Pedotransfer Functions, PTFs)(包括ROSETTA、RAWLS、CAMPBELL和VAUCLIN)为例,将其用于土壤水力性质数据库UNSODA中56个典型砂土样本的非饱和导水率预测,对4种PTFs的预测结果进行了误差分析,探讨了饱和导水率对非饱和导水率预测的影响。结果表明,当同种PTFs预测的饱和导水率作为输入时,在4种PTFs中VAUCLIN的预测精度最高,其次为ROSETTA和RAWLS,CAMPBELL的误差最大;当实测饱和导水率作为输入时,RAWLS、CAMPBELL和ROSETTA的预测精度有了不同程度提高,但VAUCLIN的预测误差反而有所增大;饱和导水率对非饱和导水率预测的影响较大,实测饱和导水率作为输入时CAMPBELL预测的非饱和导水率与实测值最为接近。     

地面高精度磁测基点联测与数据拼接方法

本文对地面高精度中同年度使用同一基点、同年度使用不同基点、不同年度使用同一基点和不同年度使用不同基点等四种情况进行了讨论,提出了解决办法,并通过实例进行对比,最后对问题进行了归纳和总结.     

河流水位差计设计及其应用的可行性研究

水工建筑物或控制河段的上下游水位差是水流运动的决定性要素,是流量推算中的最重要因子。在平原水网区,水位差很小,人工观测精度对其影响十分突出,直接影响流量定线和流量推算的精度,不能满足社会对水资源精细配置的需求。为提高水位差的测量精度,设计了河流水位差计;付之应用,对水位差的测量,无需进行水尺零点高程校正,无需进行水位的对比观测,而且能在任意数量级内提高水位差精度(根据精度选择探头),所构成的误差只有很微小的仪器器差,可满足流量定线与精确推流的目的。该系统还可以同时测记水位。河流水位差计设计简洁,仪器生产难度小,附属设施施工方便,整体造价低廉,具有良好的开发应用前景。     

新型液压活塞取样钻具的研制

江、河、湖、泊等水域取样是环境科学研究与资源勘查必不可少的工作。本项研究提供了一种适合水域取样的新型钻具——液压活塞取样钻具。与传统的活塞钻具相比,具有取样效率高、对地层适应能力强的特点。主要介绍了该钻具的结构及工作原理。