Depth‐dependent hydraulic conductivity distribution patterns of a streambed

Characterization of streambed hydraulic conductivity from the channel surface to a great depth below the channel surface can provide needed information for the determination of stream‐aquifer hydrologic connectedness, and it is also important to river restoration. However, knowledge on the streambed hydraulic conductivity for sediments 1 m below the channel surface is scarce. This study describes a method that was used to determine the distribution patterns of streambed hydraulic conductivity for sediments from channel surface to a depth of 15 m below. The method includes Geoprobe's direct‐push techniques and Permeameter tests. Direct‐push techniques were used to generate the electrical conductivity (EC) logs and to collect sequences of continuous sediment cores from river channels, as well as from the alluvial aquifer connected to the river. Permeameter tests on these sediment cores give the profiles of vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_v) of the channel sediments and the aquifer materials. This method was applied to produce K_v profiles for a streambed and an alluvial aquifer in the Platte River Valley of Nebraska, USA. Comparison and statistical analysis of the K_v profiles from the river channel and from the proximate alluvial aquifer indicates a special pattern of K_v in the channel sediments. This depth‐dependent pattern of K_v distribution for the channel sediments is considered to be produced by hyporheic processes. This K_v‐distribution pattern implied that the effect of hyporheic processes on streambed hydraulic conductivity can reach the sediments about 9 m below the channel surface. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基坑降水中的渗出面

对基坑降水中渗出面产生的机理、影响渗出面高度的因素、渗出面高度的计算、渗出面对基坑工程的危害及采取的措施等进行了详细的论述。工程实践证明,基坑降水工程中渗出面的研究对解决基坑降水中遇到的相关工程问题提供了理论依据。     

含水介质对地下水污染曝气修复的影响

为进一步研究地下水曝气原位修复技术的影响因素,采用室内实验的方法系统地研究了含水介质对原位曝气技术修复地下水污染的影响。研究结果表明:大量水相中的柴油在曝气的开始阶段被去除,随着时间的延长,污染物去除率不断增加,但增加的幅度逐渐减小。污染物去除率与时间关系曲线符合对数曲线规律,相关方程为y=alnx+b,R2=0.802 4～0.907 1,相关性较好。含水介质的渗透系数对地下水污染修复的影响较大,渗透系数与污染物的去除率基本呈正相关关系,渗透系数越大,污染物的去除率越大;含水介质密度与污染物去除率基本呈负相关关系,含水介质密度越大,污染物的去除率越小。     

沁水盆地南部煤储层水力压裂裂缝发育特征的数值模拟研究

以沁水盆地南部为研究区,以山西组3号煤储层为目标层位,根据该区的地应力场特征以及晋城市寺河矿煤样的三轴压缩实验结果,利用大型有限元软件ANSYS建立了该区3号煤储层的地质模型,模拟水力压裂过程中地应力场和储层弹性模量对裂缝起裂压力和裂缝扩展形态的影响。结果表明:裂缝的起裂压力与最大水平主应力无关,随最小水平主应力的增大而线性增大,变化范围为10～25 MPa;裂缝的最大缝长和最大缝宽不随最大水平主应力的变化而变化,随最小水平主应力和煤岩弹性模量的增大而减小,其中最大缝长介于36～83 m范围内的概率最高。模拟结果和现场数据基本吻合,说明该模型具有一定的合理性,研究成果对于沁水盆地南部地区煤层气井水力压裂设计具有重要的参考价值。     

河床地形影响潜流交换作用的数值分析

选取对潜流交换具有重要影响的河床地形作为主要研究内容,采用数值模拟(MODFLOW程序)的方法研究在河床横剖面地形不均匀的条件下,潜流交换量的空间分布以及地下水流场的演变机制。结果表明:在河床地形起伏不均的情况下,潜流交换量更易发生在河道的深水区域;地下水流向受河床地形影响较小;近河床界面处的地下水流速受地形起伏影响剧烈,深水区域的地下水流速远大于浅水区地下水流速;通过与现场试验结果对比分析,得出河床地形起伏是引起潜流带渗透系数非均质现象的重要原因之一。     

同位素方法在某中放废物处置场地水文地质特征研究中的应用

在某中放废物处置场补充勘查工作中,采用环境同位素和放射性同位素对处置场地的地下水渗流速度、年龄以及深层承压水与泉水之间的水力联系等进行了研究,并对深层承压水的成因和补给来源进行了分析,揭示并获取了场地相关水文地质特征及参数。     

三维地质建模在土耳其天然碱对接井设计中的应用

三维地质建模是从三维的角度对矿产进行描述和研究,与传统方法相比,具有时间短且数据精确的优越性,对工程决策和科学管理具有重要的意义,目前已经成为矿产开发与地质研究的重要手段之一。将三维地质建模方法应用于土耳其贝帕扎里天然碱矿对接井四期工程设计中,取得了很好的效果。结合工程应用,介绍了三维地质建模应用于对接井设计的方法。     

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目深孔取心钻探设备的研制与应用

深孔取心钻探设备是为满足汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目（WFSD）3000m深部取心钻探需要而自主研制的我国首套科学钻探专用设备,包括KZ3000型全液压钻机以及深部钻探配套用高压泥浆泵和钻杆钻具等。该套设备集全液压、高速顶驱、大口径、深部取心于一身,具有综合能力强、工艺适应性广、操控智能程度高等特点,在WFSD-2孔深部取心钻探中,各项功能满足设计要求,应用情况良好。该套设备作为我国深部钻探装备的阶段性创新成果,在科学钻探、深部找矿和浅层油气钻采中,具有一定的推广价值。     

压裂液快速混配技术的研究与应用

水力压裂是低渗透油藏改造的重要措施,压裂液性能则是影响压裂增产效果的一个关键因素,配液质量好、配液效率高是压裂液配制的发展趋势。通过分析当前压裂液配制难题,以及稠化剂和固体添加剂的特性,指出制约配液快速性的关键因素。基于实验研究成果,提出一种压裂液快速配制新工艺,并采用PLC控制,实现配液过程自动化。新的配液工艺和配液装备已经在大庆油田应用两年,工业化应用表明：该工艺胶液粘度释放快,胶液中没有水包粉现象,且具有计量精度高、添加剂混合均匀,发液速度快等诸多优点,证实了新工艺的合理性和有效性。     

Recognition of cyclic steps in sandy and gravelly turbidite sequences,and consequences for the Bouma facies model

Preservation of cyclic steps contrasts markedly with that of subcritical‐flow bedforms, because cyclic steps migrate upslope eroding their lee face and preserving their stoss side. Such bedforms have not been described from turbidite outcrops and cores as yet. A conceptual block diagram for recognition of cyclic steps in outcrop has been constructed and is tested by outcrop studies of deep water submarine fan deposits of the Tabernas Basin in south‐eastern Spain. Experimental data indicate that depositional processes on the stoss side of a cyclic step are controlled by a hydraulic jump, which decelerates the flow and by subsequent waxing of the flow up to supercritical conditions once more. The hydraulic jump produces a large scour with soft‐sediment deformation (flames) preserved in coarse‐tail normal‐graded structureless deposits (Bouma Ta), while near‐horizontal, massive to stratified top‐cut‐out turbidite beds are found further down the stoss side of the bedform. The architecture of cyclic steps can best be described as large, up to hundreds of metres, lens‐shaped bodies that are truncated by erosive surfaces representing the set boundaries and that consist of nearly horizontal lying stacks of top‐cut‐out turbidite beds. The facies that characterize these bedforms have traditionally been described as turbidite units in idealized vertical sequences of high‐density turbidity currents, but have not yet been interpreted to represent bedforms produced by supercritical flow. Their large size, which is in the order of 20 m for gravelly and up to hundreds of metres for sandy steps, is likely to have hindered their recognition in outcrop so far.