水资源空间均衡评估模型构建及应用

为弥补当前水资源空间均衡评估中对指标模糊性和信息动态性考虑不足的缺陷,基于可变集原理及偏联系数方法构建一种新的水资源空间均衡评估模型。采用可变集方法计算评价对象的相对隶属度,获取级别特征值;利用偏联系数方法探究信息演化对级别的影响,得到基于支持度最大原则的定级策略;综合二者结果对水资源空间均衡状况进行评估。将模型应用于2017年中国31个省级行政区的结果表明:①中国东南地区水资源空间均衡程度良好,西北地区较差,南方优于北方、东部优于西部;②北京市等17个省级行政区的水资源空间均衡状态呈现不同程度的负向演化态势,亟待进一步加强管理,其余地区呈现良性的发展态势;③四川等省份各指标的均衡程度差异较大,需针对性地进行调控与优化。     

Geotechnical applications of chemically enhanced drainage

The paper explores application of the engineered increase in soil permeability, achieved using reaction of guanidinium solutions with smectite soils, to geotechnical problems. The comparison between the finite element analysis of the enhanced permeability model for axisymmetric conditions and a simplified analytical solution demonstrates the importance of accounting for diffusive and dispersive fluxes. In order to illustrate possible practical application of the proposed soil improvement technique, two geotechnical examples have been numerically explored: improving performance of a ground water well and the stabilization of a slope by chemically enhanced drainage. For the well application, it has been demonstrated that for a relatively small degree of treatment, the power consumption can be reduced to a half, compared with the non‐treated soil. For the slope stability application, the water table downstream of the drain can be significantly lowered using moderate pump/collector pressures at the centre of the drain, causing a higher increase in the factor of safety for a larger area subjected to the chemically enhanced drainage. The particularly promising result is that in both applications the largest gain in the well/drain efficiency has been observed for smaller chemically enhanced areas, where a short duration of treatment and small amounts of chemicals decrease the power consumption and increase the safety factor at the highest rate. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Year‐round estimation of soil moisture content using temporally variable soil hydraulic parameters

Soil moisture plays a key role in the hydrological cycle as it controls the flux of water between soil, vegetation, and atmosphere. This study is focused on a year‐round estimation of soil moisture in a forested mountain area using the bucket model approach. For this purpose, three different soil moisture models are utilised. The procedure is based on splitting the whole year into two complement periods (dormant and vegetation). Model parameters are allowed to vary between the two periods and also from year to year in the calibration procedure. Consequently, two sets of average model parameters corresponding to dormant and vegetation seasons are proposed. The process of splitting is strongly supported by the experimental data, and it enables us to variate saturated hydraulic conductivity and pore‐size characterisation. The use of the two different parameter sets significantly enhances the simulation of two (Teuling and Troch model and soil water balance model‐green–ampt [SWBM‐GA]) out of three models in the 6‐year period from 2009 to 2014. For these two models, the overall Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient increased from 0.64 to 0.79 and from 0.55 to 0.80. The third model (the Laio approach) proved to be insensitive to parameter changes due to its insufficient drainage prediction. The variability of the warm and cold parameter sets between particular years is more pronounced in the warm periods. The cold periods exhibited approximately similar character during all 6 years.     

Assessing the importance of seepage and springs to nitrate flux in a stream network in the Wisconsin sand plains

Evaluating the flow paths that contribute to solute flux in stream networks can lead to greater understanding of the linkages between biogeochemistry and hydrology. We compared the contributions of groundwater in spring brooks and in seepage through the streambed to nitrate flux in the Emmons Creek network in the Wisconsin sand plains. We predicted that spring brooks would contribute disproportionately to nitrate flux due to the presumed higher advection rates in springs and less opportunity for nitrate removal relative to seeps. Nitrate flux was measured in 15 spring brooks that entered Emmons Creek. Nitrate flux from seepage was measured at the locations of 30 piezometers, based on Darcy's Law, and by a reach‐scale injection of Rhodamine water tracing (RWT). When seepage discharge was estimated from the RWT release, groundwater inputs from seepage and springs accounted for the discharge gain in the Emmons Creek channel. Springs brooks and seepage (based on the RWT release) contributed 37% and 63%, respectively, to nitrate flux inputs in the study reach. Contrary to our prediction, seeps contributed disproportionately to nitrate flux relative to their discharge. Relatively high rates of seepage discharge and higher than anticipated nitrate concentrations in the shallow pore water at seepage locations contributed to the unanticipated result.     

Distributed and integrated response of a geographic information system‐based hydrologic model in the eastern Palouse region,Idaho

Verification of distributed hydrologic models is rare owing to the lack of spatially detailed field measurements and a common mismatch between the scale at which soil hydraulic properties are measured and the scale of a single modelling unit. In this study, two of the most commonly calibrated parameters, i.e. soil depth and the vertical distribution of lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity K_s, were eliminated by a spatially detailed soil characterization and results of a hillslope‐scale field experiment. The soil moisture routing (SMR) model, a geographic information system‐based hydrologic model, was modified to represent the dominant hydrologic processes for the Palouse region of northern Idaho. Modifications included K_s as a double exponential function of depth in a single soil layer, a snow accumulation and melt algorithm, and a simple relationship between storage and perched water depth (PWD) using the drainable porosity. The model was applied to a 2 ha catchment without calibration to measured data. Distributed responses were compared with observed PWD over a 3‐year period on a 10 m × 15 m grid. Integrated responses were compared with observed surface runoff at the catchment outlet. The modified SMR model simulated the PWD fluctuations remarkably well, especially considering the shallow soils in this catchment: a 0·20 m error in PWD is equivalent to only a 1·6% error in predicted soil moisture content. Simulations also captured PWD fluctuations during a year with high spatial variability of snow accumulation and snowmelt rates at upslope, mid‐slope, and toe slope positions with errors as low as 0·09 m, 0·12 m, and 0·12 m respectively. Errors in distributed and integrated model simulations were attributed mostly to misrepresentation of rain events and snowmelt timing problems. In one location in the catchment, simulated PWD was consistently greater than observed PWD, indicating a localized recharge zone, which was not identified by the soil morphological survey. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On estimating the hydraulic properties of soil,Part 1. Comparison between forms to estimate the soil-water characteristic function

The hydraulic properties of soil include the soil-water characteristic function [h(θ), in which θ is water content and h is pressure head (suction)], and the hydraulic conductivity function [K(θ) or K(h)]. These functions are essential to the solution of unsaturated groundwater flow problems. A number of empirical and semiempirical forms have been proposed in the literature to estimate these functions. The present paper employs a nonlinear least-square analysis for comparison between some of the available forms, using a large number of experimental measurements of h(θ) for different classes of soil. Suitability of the forms for predicting the hydraulic conductivity function is examined. In the absence of accurate measurements, the paper facilitates modeling by providing estimates for the parameters of the soil-water characteristic function.     

南极菲尔德斯地区重力观测研究

本文介绍了用拉柯斯特-隆贝格G型重力仪进行的南极长城站((?)=62°12′.9S,(?)=58°57′.8W)重力基准点国际联测和南极菲尔德斯地区重力及形变监测网建设和观测情况.测得长城站重力基准点重力值及精度为:982208.682±0.021mgal.极地重力网由18个重力点组成,其控制面积近40平方公里,用闭合环式方法观测.网的平均测段精度为±0.029mgal,并对不同运输情况下的观测结果进行了精度分析.     

Sediment movement in periodic alternating current

The present paper summarizes the results of previous studies, including the structure and principle of the rotary ring flume for researching the fine sediment movement, the mechanism of the flume, method of eliminating the influence of the centrifugal force and sediment movement experiments with periodic alternating current. Also included are the experiment-based relationship among sediment concentration, bed shear stress and silt carrying capacity, a proposed erosion-deposition function and bed erosion-deposition calculation together with the results of verification.     

数据库连接池的构建及在JSP中的应用

分析了几种通过JDBC连接数据库的方法,说明使用数据库连接池的优越性,比较数据库连接池与传统的数据库连接的区别,同时实现了一个数据库连接池的创建以及对这个连接池的使用.     

非固结储水系统形变的体积互换机理及意义

从不同假定条件下质量守恒方程的物理意义分析入手，提出了反映非固结储水系统形变量与地下水补排水量关系的体积互换机理的理论，为抽注地下流体导致的地形变量的计算及允许开采量的确定提供了理论依据，阐明了储水层形变的水动力学原因在于渗流的非稳定过程。从环境地质及水文地质角度探讨了由于体积互换机理导致的非固结储水层的形变模型与水流模型耦合的必然性以及重新定义非固结储水层随时间变化的导储水参数的必要性。研究成果加深了对地层形变尤其是人类抽注地下流体导致的地层形变灾害(如地裂缝、地面沉降、井管折损等地质灾害)产生机理的理解，为进一步完善地层形变与渗流理论指出了新的研究方向。