Granitization and magmatic replacement in the contact aureole of the Yurchik gabbronorite massif (Ganal Ridge, Kamchatka)

It is shown that formation of high-temperature granulite-like rocks in the contact aureole of the Yurchik gabbronorite intrusion of the Ganal Ridge in East Kamchatka was caused by contact metamorphism, metasomatism, and local melting of the primary sedimentary-volcanogenic rocks of the Vakhtalkinskaya Sequence of the Ganal Group. The temperature in the inner part of the aureole reached 700–800°C and caused transformation of basic rocks into two-pyroxene-plagioclase, clinopyroxene-amphibole-plagioclase, and amphibole-plagioclase rocks, while sedimentary rocks were replaced by garnet-biotite and garnet-cordierite-biotite hornfelses. Locally, basic volcanic hornfelses were subjected to metasomatic alteration with the formation of bodies of biotite-orthopyroxene-plagioclase metasomatites. In the zones of the most intense fluid filtration, the metasomatites experienced local magmatic replacement resulting in the formation of biotite-orthopyroxene-plagioclase ± garnet migmatite veinlets and patches. Bodies of garnet enderbites were formed after sedimentary interlayers at temperatures of 700–800°C and a lithostatic pressure of 3.2–4.8 kbar. The comparison of the chemical composition of the Vakhtalkinskaya basic volcanics and the products of their transformation indicates that, in terms of chemistry, the metasomatic alterations and magmatic replacement correspond to siliceous-alkaline metasomatism (granitization) causing a subsequent and uneven influx of Si, Al, Na, K, Rb, Ba, Zr, Nb, and Cl and removal of Fe, Mg, Mn, Ca, and some trace elements (Cr, Co, Ti, Y, and S). The processes of metamorphism and metasomatism were presumably provoked by highly mineralized mantle fluids that were filtered through magmatic channels that served as pathways for gabbroid magma.     

西藏甲玛和雄村铜矿区角岩的对比研究

角岩在西藏冈底斯成矿带内的甲玛、驱龙、劣布、雄村、则莫多拉铜矿和弄如日金矿等矿床中均有产出,但角岩的特征及与成矿的关系却不相同。选择拉萨地区墨竹工卡县甲玛铜多金属矿床和日喀则地区谢通门县雄村铜金矿床的角岩作为对比研究的对象,从地质背景、角岩的原岩、化学成分、矿物组成、空间分布、形成次序和矿化特点等方面进行了两者的对比,认为甲玛矿床中由砂岩、板岩热变质形成的角岩,形成于成矿前,作为矽卡岩型矿体的顶板,起到隔挡成矿流体运移的作用,有利于成矿,且在角岩中亦形成了具有经济价值的矿化。在找矿过程中亦可作为找矿线索,大规模的角岩盖层指示了深部岩体的存在,其厚度和矿化变化可为判断岩体中心提供依据。雄村矿床中的角岩由成矿后喜马拉雅期黑云母花岗闪长岩侵入凝灰岩而引起的热变质所形成,对已形成的矿体影响不大;在找矿过程中,可利用地面磁测获得铜矿体及角岩等围岩的磁场强度,有助于确定矿化体的位置。     

西藏甲玛斑岩矿床裂隙系统的初步研究及意义

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床是近年来在冈底斯成矿带内中东段找到的超大型斑岩矿床之一。根据甲玛矿区165个钻孔角岩中裂隙的统计结果,从平面上和垂向上研究甲玛斑岩矿床裂隙的分布特征及其与上覆围岩金属矿化强度之间的关系,认为整个矿区破裂裂隙疏密分布趋势明显,裂隙高密度区位于ZK1616—ZK3216一带,平均裂隙率达40条/m以上,最高可达82条/m;并以此为中心向四周发散,裂隙率逐渐降低。而上覆围岩(角岩)中的铜钼矿化强度同裂隙发育程度呈正相关,平面上裂隙高密度区对应的Cu品位值为0.2%~0.47%,对应的Mo品位值为0.03%~0.10%;垂向上裂隙发育程度与铜钼矿化同样具有很好的对应关系,即裂隙越发育,对应的金属矿化越好,且在角岩中具"上铜下钼"的矿化分带现象。此外,根据对矿区裂隙成因的初步讨论,提出了甲玛斑岩矿床裂隙系统的演化模式,并结合16号勘探线上裂隙产状变化的研究成果,进一步确定了甲玛深部隐伏斑岩体的位置。     

与角岩有关的矿床主要类型及其对深部找矿的意义

作为热接触变质的产物,角岩在石墨、硅灰石、红柱石等变质成因非金属矿床和各种金属矿床以及油气矿藏均可见,但对其调查研究成果并不多。在文献综述的基础上,结合在南岭、冈底斯等重要成矿带地质找矿的实践,通过对与矿产资源有关的角岩广义概念的界定,概述了与角岩有关的各主要类型矿床的地质特征,如石墨、硅灰石、红柱石等变质成因非金属矿床,钨、钼、铁、铜、铀、金、铅锌、锡、银和稀有金属矿床以及油气矿藏;举例阐述了近年来角岩发育矿区深部找矿中的新突破,如江西淘锡坑钨矿,广西大厂铜坑至拉么一带的锡多金属矿床,西藏甲玛铜多金属矿,云南老厂银铅锌矿、羊拉铜矿、雪鸡坪铜矿等矿区;讨论了角岩型矿床成矿预测的准则。结果表明：矿区和矿田大比例尺深部预测时应注意岩石组合、干湿关系、封闭与开放体系、岩石物性和分带性、原岩岩性及其空间配置关系;区域性中、小比例尺成矿评价时应注意角岩的空间分布、岩石学特征与矿产资源的专属性关系等;利用角岩预测隐伏岩体的应用前景广泛,在深部找矿中具有现实意义。建议加强角岩与成矿关系的理论研究,对以往地质填图工作中发现的＂角岩化带＂可重新评价其与成矿的关系。     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿矿床地质特征及其矿床模型

甲玛铜多金属矿是西藏冈底斯中段东部取得找矿突破的超大型矿床, 探明夕卡岩型矿体铜钼铅锌金银均达大型以上规模, 初步探明角岩型矿体铜钼金属资源量也达大型以上规模。通过详细的矿体地质特征、岩浆岩岩石地球化学特征、成岩成矿年代学等方面的研究, 认为矿床类型属于典型的与斑岩有关的夕卡岩型-角岩型铜多金属矿。夕卡岩型矿体分布于晚侏罗世多底沟组与早白垩世林布宗组的层间扩容空间中, 角岩型矿体赋存在角岩中。矿床规模宏大, 具斑岩成矿系统的围岩蚀变和矿石特征, 识别出6种矿石类型、29种金属矿物和四期围岩蚀变。成矿元素的平面分带由浅部向深部由Pb+Zn(Au+Ag)→Pb+Zn(Cu+Au+Ag)向Cu(Mo+Au+Ag)→Cu+Mo(+Au+Ag)→Mo演化, 构成了一个完整的与岩浆作用有关的成矿元素分带、矿石矿物分带。含矿岩浆岩SiO2变化于59.58%~73.16%, 表现为富K2O, 过铝质, 低Mg, 并富F(平均0.08%)、Cl(平均0.02%)的特点, 为过铝质高钾钙碱性和钙碱性岩, 稀土元素总量变化在70.35×10-6~175.01×10-6之间, 平均为116.47×10-6, 高Sr、低Y和Yb, 具明显的正Sr异常和明显的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常, 大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Sr富集, 在Y-Sr/Y图解中投点于冈底斯含矿斑岩区, 具有高钾似埃达克质岩特点, 具C型埃达克岩特征。在岩浆演化过程中显示钙碱性岩系-高钾钙碱性岩系的演化趋势, 表现为闪长玢岩-花岗斑岩的岩石系列, 并显示一定的岩浆混合特征, 基性岩浆的混合有利于铜多金属矿成矿, 特别是伴生金、银的高含量与此有关。无矿斑岩脉或外围岩体的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄在16.27±0.31 Ma(MSWD=1.9)~15.99±0.34 Ma(MSWD=2.5), 具有成矿前侵位的特征; 含矿斑岩脉的锆石SHRIMP年龄在14.2±0.2 Ma和14.1±0.3 Ma之间, 稍晚于主成矿期; 斑岩型矿石中的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素等时线年龄为14.78±0.33 Ma, 角岩型矿石中辉钼矿Re-Os同位素等时线年龄为14.67±0.19 Ma, 夕卡岩型矿石成矿时代也在15 Ma左右(14.5~15 Ma), 主成矿期在中新世Langhian期。与辉钼矿的成矿年龄相比, 花岗斑岩的侵位年龄稍早, 而闪长玢岩相对较晚。由此, 建立了基于推覆滑覆构造控制矿体分布, 岩浆侵位后提供物质来源的矿床模型, 为区域找矿指明了方向。     

皖南歙县许村花岗闪长岩体定位问题的再评价

扬子大陆东南边缘构造演化问题存在不同认识，其中争论问题之一是：皖南雪峰期许村花岗闪长岩体是构造定位还是侵入定位。经野外调查和室内岩石薄片研究确认许村岩体侵入于元古界上溪群（相当于板溪群），并被震旦系不整合覆盖。尽管在岩体的南部边缘与围岩有构造接触，但在岩体的西部边缘上溪群被接触变质形成角岩是庸置疑的。     

Metamorphism and deformation of mafic and felsic rocks in a magma transfer zone,Stewart Island,New Zealand

In the mingled mafic/felsic Halfmoon Pluton at The Neck, Stewart Island (part of the Median Batholith of New Zealand) some hornblende gabbros and diorites retain magmatic structures, whereas others show evidence of major changes in grain and inclusion shapes, and still others are amphibolite‐facies granofelses with few or no igneous relicts. These mafic to intermediate magmas crystallized in felsic magma relatively quickly, with the result that most deformation occurred at subsolidus conditions. It is suggested that mafic‐intermediate rocks with predominantly igneous microstructures spent less time in the magmatic system. The metamorphism of the mafic rocks appears to be ‘autometamorphic’, in the sense that elevated temperatures were maintained by magmatic heat during subsolidus cooling. Elevated temperatures were maintained because of repeated sheet injection and subconcordant dyke injection of hot basaltic and composite mafic‐felsic magmas, into a dominantly transtensional, km‐scale, outboard‐migrating, magmatic shear zone that operated semi‐continuously for between c. 140 and c. 130 Ma. Complete cooling occurred only when the system evolved to transpressional and the locus of magmatism migrated inboard (southward) between c. 130 and c. 120 Ma, associated with solid‐state mylonitic deformation. Intermingled granitic rocks escaped metamorphism, because they remained magmatic to lower temperatures, and experienced shorter and lower‐temperature subsolidus cooling intervals. However, the felsic rocks underwent relatively high‐temperature solid‐state deformation, as indicated by myrmekite replacing K‐feldspar and chess‐board subgrain patterns in quartz; locally they developed felsic mylonites. The felsic rocks were deformed in the solid state because of their high proportion of relatively weak minerals (quartz and biotite), whereas the mafic rocks mostly escaped subsolidus deformation, except in local high‐strain zones of hornblende‐plagioclase schist, because of their high proportion of relatively strong minerals (hornblende and plagioclase). We suggest that such contrasting microstructural features are diagnostic of long‐lived syntectonic magma transfer zones, and contrast with the more typical complex, batholith‐scale magma chambers of magmatic arcs.     

相山铀矿田基底变质岩中角闪石榴(斜)黝帘石角岩的发现

在相山铀矿田变质岩区的云母片岩中，发现有脉状岩石产出，定名为角闪石榴（斜）黝帘石角岩。其原岩是基性脉岩。形成该角岩的热变质温度约为640℃，属于低压相系，与本区早一中元古代变质岩的形成条件相当。该热变质作用使早一中元古代变质岩叠加了一次热变质作用，形成了第2期的十字石、铁铝榴石和黑云母等变质矿物。它们依第1期变质矿物的晶格发生连生，也使第1期变质矿物发生了重结晶和自净作用，并趋于自形。这一角岩化基性脉岩的发现，揭示在古生代相山铀矿田变质基底仍然遭受着断裂活动、岩浆活动和变质作用三者相伴随的较为强烈的地质构造作用。     

福建省溪口组新祠角岩段的角岩(化)成因探讨

福建省早三叠世溪口组新祠角岩段，常为热液多金属矿产及非金属矿产的含矿层位，其角岩（化）主要为火山-沉积及热液蚀变2种成因。