A STUDY ON TYPHOON MOVEMENT PART Ⅲ:EFFECT OF THE HORIZONTAL MOMENTUM EXCHANGE BETWEEN TYPHOONS AND ENVIRONMENT

Two semi-asymmetric flow patterns of typhoons are chosen to qualitatively determine the effect of exchange of horizontal momentum between inflow and outflow layers and the environment on the motion of typhoons. The results show that only the asymmetric flow component (residual after azimuthal mean flow has been removed) could cause a net momentum input into or output from a typhoon and therefore contribute to the changes in speed and direction of the typhoon movement. A typhoon with major inflow and/or outflow channels on its right (left) side would tend to accelerate and turn left (decelerate and turn right); On the other hand, a typhoon with major inflow and/or outflow channels in the rear (front) semicircle would tend to accelerate and turn right (decelerate and turn left).     

基于SLFT的边坡强度折减法失稳判据

强度折减法在评价边坡稳定性时不需要假设和搜索临界滑裂面，相对于其它方法具有一定优势，但失稳判据尚无明 确标准。滑移线场理论（SLFT） 可以计算得到的极限状态下的边坡坡面曲线（简称极限坡面曲线），已有研究表明极限坡 面曲线与边坡坡面的相对位置关系可以判断边坡稳定性。基于该结论提出一种边坡强度折减法失稳判据：不同折减系数计 算得到不同的强度参数，因此滑移线场理论计算得到的极限坡面曲线将发生变化，当极限坡面曲线与边坡坡面在坡底相离 时，判断边坡为稳定状态；当极限坡面曲线与边坡坡面相交于坡脚时，判断边坡为极限平衡状态；当极限坡面曲线与边坡 坡面相交时，判断边坡为失稳状态。对标准边坡考题的计算结果表明：提出的失稳判据收敛性较好，安全系数计算结果与 标准答案和已有失稳判据分析结论相差较小；传统失稳判据收敛指标的确定没有明确标准，当位移突变曲线光滑时很难找 到突变点，很难准确计算对应的安全系数，更重要的是传统失稳判据判断边坡极限状态受到人为主观因素的影响，而提出 的失稳判据可以实现失稳判据的客观标准化；确定的临界滑裂面形状以及在边坡中的位置都与标准答案基本一致，提出的 失稳判据适用于强度折减法。     

Recovering magnetic susceptibility from electromagnetic data over a one-dimensional earth

While the inversion of electromagnetic data to recover electrical conductivity has received much attention, the inversion of those data to recover magnetic susceptibility has not been fully studied. In this paper we invert frequency-domain electromagnetic (EM) data from a horizontal coplanar system to recover a 1-D distribution of magnetic susceptibility under the assumption that the electrical conductivity is known. The inversion is carried out by dividing the earth into layers of constant susceptibility and minimizing an objective function of the susceptibility subject to fitting the data. An adjoint Green's function solution is used in the calculation of sensitivities, and it is apparent that the sensitivity problem is driven by three sources. One of the sources is the scaled electric field in the layer of interest, and the other two, related to effective magnetic charges, are located at the upper and lower boundaries of the layer. These charges give rise to a frequency-independent term in the sensitivities. Because different frequencies penetrate to different depths in the earth, the EM data contain inherent information about the depth distribution of susceptibility. This contrasts with static field measurements, which can be reproduced by a surface layer of magnetization. We illustrate the effectiveness of the inversion algorithm on synthetic and field data and show also the importance of knowing the background conductivity. In practical circumstances, where there is no a priori information about conductivity distribution, a simultaneous inversion of EM data to recover both electrical conductivity and susceptibility will be required.     

Foliation fields and 3D cartography in geology: Principles of a method based on potential interpolation

A modeling method that takes into account known points on a geological interface and plane orientation data such as stratification or foliation planes is described and tested. The orientations data do not necessarily belong to one of the interfaces but are assumed to sample the main anisotropy of a geological formation as in current geological situations. The problem is to determine the surfaces which pass through the known points on interfaces and which are compatible with the orientation data. The method is based on the interpolation of a scalar field defined in the space the gradient in which is orthogonal to the orientations, given that some points have the same but unknown scalar value (points of the same interface), and that scalar gradient is known on the other points (foliations). The modeled interfaces are represented as isovalues of the interpolated field. Preliminary two-dimensional tests carried-out with different covariance models demonstrate the validity of the method, which is easily transposable in three dimensions.     

Similarities between strike-slip faults at different scales and a simple age determining method for active faults

Abstract Several differently scaled strike‐slip faults were examined. The faults shared many geometric features, such as secondary fractures and linkage structures (damage zones). Differences in fault style were not related to specific scale ranges. However, it was recognized that differences in style may occur in different tectonic settings (e.g. dilational/contractional relays or wall/linkage/tip zones), different locations along the master fault or different fault evolution stages. Fractal dimensions were compared for two faults (Gozo and San Andreas), which supports the idea of self‐similarity. Fractal dimensions for traces of faults and fractures of damage zones were higher (D ～1.35) than for the main fault traces (D ～1.005) because of increased complexity due to secondary faults and fractures. Based on the statistical analysis of another fault evolution study, single event movements in earthquake faults typically have a maximum earthquake slip : rupture length ratio of approximately 10^?4, although this has only been established for large earthquake faults because of limited data. Most geological faults have a much higher maximum cumulative displacement : fault length ratio; that is, approximately 10^?2 to 10^?1 (e.g. Gozo, ～10^?2; San Andreas, ～10^?1). The final cumulative displacement on a fault is produced by accumulation of slip along ruptures. Hence, using the available information from earthquake faults, such as earthquake slip, recurrence interval, maximum cumulative displacement and fault length, the approximate age of active faults can be estimated. The lower limit of estimated active fault age is expressed with maximum cumulative displacement, earthquake slip and recurrence interval as T ? (d_max /u) · I(M).     

Measurement of the spatial distribution of fluvial bedload transport velocity in both sand and gravel

Maps are presented of the spatial distribution of two‐dimensional bedload transport velocity vectors. Bedload velocity data were collected using the bottom tracking feature of an acoustic Doppler current pro?ler (aDcp) in both a gravel‐bed reach and a sand‐bed reach of Fraser River, British Columbia. Block‐averaged bedload velocity vectors, and bedload velocity vectors interpolated onto a uniform grid, revealed coherent patterns in the bedload velocity distribution. Concurrent Helley‐Smith bedload sampling in the sand‐bed reach corroborated the trends observed in the bedload velocity map. Contemporaneous 2D vector maps of near‐bed water velocity (velocity in bins centered between 25 cm and 50 cm from the bottom) and depth‐averaged water velocity were also generated from the aDcp data. Using a vector correlation coef?cient, which is independent of the choice of coordinate system, the bedload velocity distribution was signi?cantly correlated to the near‐bed and depth‐averaged water velocity distributions. The bedload velocity distribution also compared favorably with variations in depth and estimates of the spatial distribution of shear stress. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

叠前深度偏移述评

叠前深度偏移是理想的改善复杂地区和强横向速度变化的地震资料成像技术,笔者就4种典型叠前深度偏移方法的理论基础与技术特点,存在的问题及国内外最新进展进行了讨论.     

成像测井技术在碳酸盐岩水平井中的应用

塔里木盆地北部地区碳酸盐岩油藏储层，非均质性较强，只依靠常规测井判断碳酸盐岩裂缝、溶孔、溶洞很困难．利用地层微电阻率扫描成像(FMI)，对碳酸盐岩水平井储层进行定性分析、定量解释，并能准确识别出碳酸盐岩目的层裂缝的性质、大小、开度、溶蚀孔洞原生孔隙、次生孔隙的发育情况等．同时并利用测试、酸压资料验证了使用成像测井判断裂缝的有效性．     

女34断块水平井提高采收率开发实践

舍女寺油田女34断块是大港油区典型的低渗透块状砂岩断块油藏，由于储层严重的非均质性，注水开发见效快、水淹快，并且形成油藏次生底水，作为水平井技术改善低渗透油藏开发效果的先导试验区块，经过深入地质研究和可行性论证，又相继完钻2口水平井，同时进行注采井网调整，编制了水平井和直井采油、直井注水的混合外网调整方案，方案实施后，断块采油速度由0．6％提高到2．6％，采收率提高8个百分点，开发效果显改善，实践证明水半井技术是改善低渗透非均质断块油藏开发效果的有效手段之一。     

红砂岩高陡岩质边坡稳定性分析及治理

充分利用边坡失稳前自身抗滑能力进行高陡边坡治理，结合工程实例，提出了主动性公路边坡治理的思路。分别利用极限平衡法和有限元数值法，综合考虑了两种方法的优缺点，对红砂岩高陡边坡进行了全面的稳定性分析，并针对性地提出了经济合理的治理方案。