南海晚第四纪硅藻遗体及其地质意义：Ⅷ.几个问题的讨论

本文根据分析结果阐述了两种不同样品处理方法所获得的硅藻丰度和微型硅藻的人主要种类和相对百分含量。研究表明洗涤富集法所获得的硅藻丰度存在较大误差；微型硅藻的含量普遍介于１０％－２０％之间，最高可达４２．３１％，最低为５．６６％，并指出了在微型硅藻相对含量大于２０％的样品中 ，其主要种类为具槽直链藻和条纹小环藻等沿岸底格格不入中，并成群体产出。     

海带几个不同种的雌性克隆对高温的适应力

每几个不同种的雌性克隆对高温(22℃、24℃、26℃)的适应力有所差异。大西洋沿岸的Laminariahyperhoren和L.sacchrina雌性克隆较太平洋沿岸的L.japonica、L.angustata和L.ochotensis雌性克隆明显地不耐高温,遗传性的不同是造成这种差异的主要原因。这种遗传性差异是海带长期自然选择的结果。同一物种L.japonica和L.japonicaCⅡ两种雌性克隆在24℃条件下,在第24天其死亡率分别是40.2％和25.2％,X~2=12.25,P<0.001,差异是高度显著的,说明这种不同是遗传性不同所致,而且属于物种内部的差异。     

千里岩的气温变化特征及其与西北太平洋副热带高压的关系

本文根据１９６０～１９９４年千里岩和青岛月平均气温资料，分析了千里岩与青岛３５年来气温的年、季变化特征及差别，发现３５年来，千里岩和青岛的年、季平均气温均呈变暖趋势，但千里岩增温幅度较青岛小。从分析中发现，与气温变暖趋势相对应，西北太平洋副热带高压（以下简称副高）面积、强度指数的年、季变化也呈明显的增强、增大趋势。且年平均气温与冬季副高面积指数相关最显著。最后依此关系建立回归方程，并预测了１９９６年千里岩年平均气温的变化趋势。     

Fine resolution 3D temperature fields off Kerguelen from instrumented penguins

The use of diving animals as autonomous vectors of oceanographic instruments is rapidly increasing, because this approach yields cost-efficient new information and can be used in previously poorly sampled areas. However, methods for analyzing the collected data are still under development. In particular, difficulties may arise from the heterogeneous data distribution linked to animals’ behavior. Here we show how raw temperature data collected by penguin-borne loggers were transformed to a regular gridded dataset that provided new information on the local circulation off Kerguelen. A total of 16 king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) were equipped with satellite-positioning transmitters and with temperature–time–depth recorders (TTDRs) to record dive depth and sea temperature. The penguins’ foraging trips recorded during five summers ranged from 140 to 600 km from the colony and 11,000 dives >100 m were recorded. Temperature measurements recorded during diving were used to produce detailed 3D temperature fields of the area (0–200 m). The data treatment included dive location, determination of the vertical profile for each dive, averaging and gridding of those profiles onto 0.1°×0.1° cells, and optimal interpolation in both the horizontal and vertical using an objective analysis. Horizontal fields of temperature at the surface and 100 m are presented, as well as a vertical section along the main foraging direction of the penguins. Compared to conventional temperature databases (Levitus World Ocean Atlas and historical stations available in the area), the 3D temperature fields collected from penguins are extremely finely resolved, by one order finer. Although TTDRs were less accurate than conventional instruments, such a high spatial resolution of penguin-derived data provided unprecedented detailed information on the upper level circulation pattern east of Kerguelen, as well as the iron-enrichment mechanism leading to a high primary production over the Kerguelen Plateau.     

In situ and satellite observations of the eastward migration of the Western Alboran Sea Gyre

During October 2003 an intensive oceanographic survey (BIOMEGA) was carried out in the Alboran Sea, coinciding with a migration event of the Western Alboran Sea Gyre (WAG). The observations gathered during that cruise constitute the first field evidence of a migrated stage of the WAG. In this work we present the main differences between the 3D hydrodynamic fields observed during BIOMEGA and those corresponding to a WAG located at its usual position. The migration of the gyre was followed by satellite (altimetry and sea surface temperature) imagery. The causes of the gyre migration are explored in terms of the quasi-geostrophic tendency equation, in particular of the dynamics governing scales larger than the Rossby radius of deformation. It is shown that the steady state gyre must be almost equivalent barotropic and that the key process to break down the stationarity would be a density advection at gyre scale. The mechanisms to explain the migration of the WAG proposed by previous authors are discussed in light of the explanation proposed in this work.     

Statistical evaluation of methods for the calculation of static formation temperatures in geothermal and oil wells using an extension of the error propagation theory

The feasibility of using the more sophisticated weighted least-squares (WLS) model, as opposed to the traditional ordinary least-squares (OLS), in linear regressions of BHT data to estimate the static formation temperatures (SFT) was investigated. The most commonly used analytical methods (line-source; spherical and radial heat flow; and cylindrical heat source) were applied. Error propagation equations were derived to calculate errors in the time function of each method. These errors were combined with the BHT measurement errors to compute weighting factors for applying the WLS. Intercept uncertainties were estimated for all regressions using sets of synthetic and actual borehole logs taken from geothermal and oil applications. SFT computed with the spherical and radial heat flow method were generally greater than those from the other two methods.     

青藏铁路管道通风试验路基地温变化及热状况分析

基于青藏铁路北麓河试验段管道通风路基在2个冻融循环周期内的地温监测资料，分析了路基温度的发展、温度场分布特征及多年冻土的热流量变化．结果表明：通风管埋设于路堤中部的路基温度变化和发展情况与一般路基类似，路基在施工后的2个冻融周期内仍处于整体升温的过程；通风管埋设于路堤下部的路基，虽然前2个冻融循环周期内土体温度与原始状态相比同样有所升高，但开始出现逐渐降低的趋势，同时地温场的分布在横向上的对称性也比较好，在热交换方面，一般填土路基和通风管位于路堤中部的路基在施工后的前2个冻融循环周期内一直处于吸热过程，而通风管位于路堤下部的路基在经历了第1个周期的持续吸热过程后，在第2个冻融循环周期内已经开始放热。     

从118.75 GHz附近六通道亮温反演大气温度廓线的数值模拟研究

为了能在静止气象卫星上实现微波被动遥感探测大气温度廓线,并保持一定的地面空间分辨率(如视场小于60 km),就需要使用高频微波及大天线.欧洲和美国下一代静止气象卫星上都已考虑采用118.75 GHz附近通道.为了充分了解118.75 GHz附近通道遥感反演温度廓线的能力,为仪器研制及今后资料的解释反演提供必要的基础数据,作者开展了采用118.75 GHz附近六个通道遥感反演大气温度廓线的数值模拟研究.统计反演的数值试验表明,118.75 GHz附近六通道对温度垂直分布有一定的遥感反演能力;温度反演较好的层次对应于权重函数峰值所在的位置.     

城市化对北京平均气温的影响

本文利用北京（观象台）及周围几个气象台站月平均气温资料，滑动平均后，采用主成分分析方法，再进行倾向性分析，探讨了北京城市化对气平均气温的影响，估算对北京（观象台）气温记录的影响约为０．２１℃／３３ａ推断市中心二环路以内强烈地影响。     

Surface sediment Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) distributions along an ecotonal transect in subarctic Fennoscandia: developing a tool for palaeotemperature reconstructions

We used multivariate statistical techniques to analyse the distributions of surface sediment chironomid assemblages with respect to surface-water temperature, and an additional set of 27 environmental variables, in 30 freshwater lakes of northern Fennoscandia. Our study transect spans boreal coniferous forest to subarctic tundra and includes a steep temperature gradient. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) with forward selection and associated Monte Carlo permutation tests revealed that there were statistically significant (P<0.05) relationships between chironomid distributions and two environmental variables, namely lakewater temperature and maximum lake depth. A constrained CCA with temperature as the only predictor variable suggested that the relationship between lakewater temperature and chironomid composition was sufficiently robust for developing a weighted-averaging (WA) based quantitative inference model that will allow palaeotemperature reconstructions using subfossil chironomid remains preserved in lake sediments.