原油裂解成气动力学参数及其应用研究

 采用黄金管限定体系,对塔里木盆地牙哈、哈得原油样品进行了热模拟实验,研究了原油样品热裂解生成气态烃的产率特征及其动力学参数。结果表明,牙哈、哈得原油样品裂解具有高的C_1-5产率(738.87 ml/g、598.98 ml/g)和C_2-5产率(256.85 ml/g、188.63 ml/g)。牙哈、哈得原油样品裂解成气动力学参数存在差异:牙哈原油样品裂解气甲烷、乙烷、丙烷生成的活化能范围分别为（66～83）×4.186 kJ/mol、（59～72）×4.186 kJ/mol、（59～65）×4.186 kJ/mol,频率因子各为2.07×1016s_-1、1.0×1014s-1、1.0×1014s-1;哈得原油样品裂解气甲烷、乙烷、丙烷生成的活化能范围分别为(63～84)×4.186 kJ/mol、(57～63)×
4.186 kJ/mol、(58～70)×4.186 kJ/mol,频率因子各为1.42×1016s-1、1.0×1014s-1、1.0×1014s-1。以塔东地区满东1气藏为例进行了动力学模拟应用研究,认为原油的大量裂解为满东1气藏提供了主要气源。     

Natural and experimental constraints on formation of the continental crust based on niobium–tantalum fractionation

Fractionation between Nb and Ta, elements generally regarded as geochemical ‘identical twins’, is a key to deciphering the formation of the continental crust (CC). Here we show that Nb/Ta of rutile grains in eclogitic rocks from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) project are remarkably heterogeneous but overall subchondritic at core depths of 100–700 m, and are less variable and mainly suprachondritic at core depths of 700–3025 m, indicating clear Nb/Ta fractionation across a subducted slab. To understand the potential mechanism of Nb/Ta fractionation within the subducted plate, we analysed by laser ablation ICPMS a thermal migration experiment in which a wet andesite was placed in a large thermal gradient (300°C/cm with ends ranging from 950–350°C) at 0.5Gpa. Results show that Nb, Ta and Ti, driven by the thermal gradient, preferentially migrate by diffusion through supercritical fluids into the cooler end of the experiment (at 650–350°C). Due to contrasting Nb and Ta thermal migration patterns, dramatic fractionation between Nb, Ta, and Ti took place in the cooler end. Experimental results are consistent with the measured Nb, Ta in rutile from CCSD drillhole samples. We consider that major fractionation between Nb, Ta must occur before rutile appears, most likely during the prograde blueschist to amphibole–eclogite transformation, when Ti is also mobile. Before rutile appears, partitioning between Ti‐rich dominant minerals such as amphiboles and fluids in the hotter region where dehydration preferentially occurs, produces Nb–Ta–Ti‐rich fluids with subchondritic Nb/Ta, and dehydration residues with suprachondritic Nb/Ta. Meanwhile, owing to evolution of the thermal gradient within the subducting slab, thermal migration of Nb, Ta, and Ti in aqueous fluids result in Nb, Ta, and Ti enrichment in the cooler region and depletion in the hotter region. As a result of high‐pressure metamorphism, hydrous rutile‐rich eclogites with overall subchondritic Nb/Ta form in the cooler region, whereas relatively anhydrous rutile‐poor eclogites with suprachondritic Nb/Ta form in the hotter region. Subsequently, partial melting of hydrous rutile‐rich eclogites with initial subchondritic Nb/Ta at deeper levels transfers overall subchondritic Nb/Ta coupled with Nb, Ta, and Ti depletion characteristics to the CC, leaving dry rutile‐poor eclogites with suprachondritic Nb/Ta and rutile‐rich residual eclogites with overall, heterogeneous subchondritic Nb/Ta as a complementary reservoir to the CC.     

铀对(Ⅱ型)低熟烃源岩生烃演化的影响Ⅱ

在油、气、煤、铀多种能源矿产形成演化富集成藏(矿)过程中,有机-无机相互作用是普遍存在的,在有机质的强大吸附作用及其所提供的还原环境为铀的富集成矿起促进作用的同时,铀也改变了烃源岩的生烃演化进程。本文在Ⅱ型低熟烃源岩中加入碳酸铀酰溶液的条件下进行了生烃模拟实验,对比无铀-加铀样品生烃模拟实验产物的相关参数,以探讨油气生成过程中无机铀所起的作用。从实验结果可以看出,铀可以使产物中不饱和烃向饱和烃转化;促进长链烃的裂解,促进低分子量烃类的产生,从而使CH4的含量提高,使生成的烃类的干气化程度增加。铀可以在低温阶段促进有机质的成熟度,降低烃源岩的生烃门限,使低熟烃源岩早期生成烃类;同时在高温阶段阻止有机质过度成熟,利于所生成烃的保存。因而铀可能是未熟-低熟油气生成可能的无机促进因素之一。     

WMO第八届阳江国际探空比对辅助遥感综合试验

第八届阳江国际探空比对辅助遥感综合试验为分析探空仪系统在高空出入云的温湿特性,评估高层云红外辐射对温度传感器的影响以及湿度传感器的系统偏差提供有力帮助。通过试验,还评估了国产X波段双偏振雷达与毫米波云雷达的优缺点和性能差异,以及国产多普勒激光雷达、微脉冲激光雷达的探测性能和应用能力,在改进微波辐射计温湿反演算法、X波段偏振雷达参数的云中粒子相态模糊逻辑识别算法,以及多普勒天气雷达风场反演、云分类算法、高空业务测风算法等方面开展广泛研究并取得一定进展。试验还利用先进的各类遥感设备对阳江热带地区的云、局地对流以及海陆风系统的结构进行了观测和分析,取得了较好的研究结果。     

CO2流体对火山碎屑岩改造作用的实验研究

以塔木察格盆地火山碎屑岩为研究对象,研究不同温度下(100、120、140、160、180℃)CO2流体对火山碎屑岩(流纹质凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩)成分的改造.研究发现:在CO2流体的作用下,火山碎屑岩中的长石、碳酸盐矿物发生溶蚀,且其溶蚀强度随温度的升高而增大,石英的溶蚀程度较弱;火山碎屑岩中的凝灰质成分易溶蚀,并且是CO2流体溶蚀火山碎屑岩的主要对象;通过扫描电镜观察发现沉凝灰岩在160℃下样品表面有绿泥石(?)和一水软铝石(?)生成.结合塔木察格盆地中的碳酸盐矿物(尤其是片钠铝石)的存在及盆地中次生溶孔大量发育的特征,认为盆地内有CO2流体活动且CO2流体对塔木察格盆地次生孔隙的形成有重要的贡献.     

华北平原地下水补给量计算分析

采用溴示踪法研究华北平原山前冲积平原和中部平原有灌溉和无灌溉区域的地下水补给,得到研究区平均地下水补给量为126.10 mm,平均补给系数为0.185 2,有灌溉实验点的补给量和补给系数大于无灌溉实验点。同时对示踪剂运移深度和含水量分布、降雨灌溉量和地下水埋深等影响因素进行分析。将各实验点计算结果与国内有关学者采用示踪剂法所得到的补给系数进行对比分析,论证了研究结果的可靠性,此研究成果可为华北平原地下水资源分析提供重要参考。     

Standard normal homogeneity test as a tool to detect change points in climate-related river discharge variation: case study of the Kupa River Basin

ABSTRACT

The study addresses homogeneity testing of annual discharge time series for eight hydrological stations and five annual climate time series for one weather station in the Kupa River Basin, between Slovenia and Croatia, and global annual average surface temperature time series for the period 1961–2010. The standard normal homogeneity test (SNHT) was used to detect both abrupt and gradual linear trend homogeneity breaks. The results reveal natural change points at the beginning of the 1980s. Absolute homogeneity testing of average annual weather station-level air pressure, annual precipitation, differences between precipitation totals and potential evapotranspiration and surface runoff from the independent observation time series confirmed an abrupt shift, also at the beginning of the 1980s. The trend of local air temperature for 1985–2000, which partly coincides with global surface temperature trend for 1974–2005, strengthened the river discharge regime shift since the beginning of the 1980s. These results could improve climate variation monitoring and estimation of the impact of climate variation on the environment in the area. Generally, an indication of climate regime change points and an assessment of their duration could provide significant benefits for the society.     

海山的倾斜俯冲对上覆板块变形的影响

伴随洋壳的俯冲,驼伏其上的海山会导致上覆板块的强烈变形.为解释该构造变形特征,本文运用物理模拟实验的方法,着重分析海山的斜向俯冲对上覆板块变形的影响,并将模拟结果与正向俯冲过程进行对比.实验结果显示:海山开始进入俯冲,前缘楔体的增生会被阻止,同时楔体被抬升并出现脱顶构造,未被海山破坏的楔体会出现后冲断层的激活,后冲断层轴平行于海山的俯冲方向.海山进一步俯冲,突起项部发育一系列张扭性质的微断裂和走滑性质的共轭断裂,尾随突起之后的楔体由于重力会产生正断层系统.比起正向俯冲,斜向俯冲过程中所产生的后逆冲体、海山两侧的叠瓦状逆冲推覆构造都出现不对称分布,断裂和微断裂束的走向不规则散开,后冲断层的轴向及海山俯冲过后在楔体上产生的凹槽的轨迹都不断斜向迁移,且凹槽两侧的地势不一致等.最后利用文中的物理模拟结果,很好的解释了马尼拉海沟中段俯冲构造的构造特征,同时对其他俯冲大陆边缘的构造解释具有指导意义.     

悬臂抗滑桩加固边坡地震动力响应模型试验研究

为研究悬臂抗滑桩加固边坡的地震响应和抗滑桩桩身弯矩分布规律,利用北京工业大学结构实验室的大型振动台进行悬臂抗滑桩加固边坡模型的振动试验。在试验过程中,输入汶川地震重华镇波,记录边坡不同位置加速度的时程变化,并作对比分析,采集抗滑桩桩身的应变,用于分析桩身弯矩分布。结果表明,地震过程中边坡内部加速度自下而上逐渐放大,边坡顶部放大效果达到最大;悬臂抗滑桩的加固效应和桩间土体成拱作用使附近土体的动力响应受到限制;抗滑桩的嵌固端与悬臂部分分界面随着地震波的输入应变急剧增大,而悬臂部分随着高度增加应变减小,反映了悬臂抗滑桩弯矩的“凸”形分布规律。     

防渗墙粗粒土槽孔泥皮的抗渗性试验研究

通过自制泥浆渗透试验仪,针对粗粒土地基防渗墙泥皮的渗透稳定性问题,开展了护壁泥皮抗渗性能的试验研究。结果表明,泥皮具有明显的截渗作用;不同压差作用下泥浆渗透形成的泥皮具有不同的抗渗特性,压差越大、泥皮越致密,抵抗渗透破坏的能力越强,泥皮的渗透性也就越小;反压渗水作用下泥皮的抗渗性能较正压渗水作用下的抗渗性能差;随着水力作用持续时间的增长,泥皮的结构发生变化,孔隙增大,流速逐渐增大,在较大水力梯度作用下会发生破坏;泥皮的临界水力梯度与其形成时压差作用大小有关,泥皮形成压差越大,正、反向渗水的临界水力梯度越大;反之,临界水力梯度越小。关于泥皮抗渗性能的深化认识,对于完善防渗墙设计与施工具有重要的意义。