野外科学观测研究台站（网络）和科学数据中心建设发展

中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所成立80年来,十分重视野外台站（网络）和科学数据中心的建设,取得了辉煌成就。研究所建立了4个野外观测研究网络,引领了中国生态系统研究网络的建设与发展;成立了2个国家级科学数据中心,1个中国科学院数据中心,1个数据出版系统并于2016年加入了世界数据系统;拥有2个国家级野外观测研究站,1个中国科学院野外研究站,形成了独具特色的野外观测研究平台和数据共享服务平台。本文回顾了中国生态系统研究网络、国家生态系统观测研究网络、中国通量观测研究网络、中国物候观测网和禹城站、拉萨站、千烟洲站以及地球系统科学数据中心、生态科学数据中心、资源环境科学数据中心和全球变化科学研究数据出版系统的发展历程。地理资源所台站（网络）从无到有,不断发展壮大,引领了中国野外观测研究事业的发展,支撑了地理学、生态学等重要科学成果产出,科技支撑能力和示范能力大幅提升,有力支撑了华北平原、青藏高原以及南方山地丘陵区的生态文明建设;成为中国地球系统科学、野外台站、资源环境等学科和领域最大的科学数据汇聚中心,数据共享服务成效显著,在国内外具有广泛影响力。在未来发展中,地理资源所将充分发挥野外台站（网络）综合中心作用,强化生态系统、碳水通量、物候等观测研究网络的能力建设,稳步提升野外观测研究站条件保障能力和科学数据中心的数据汇聚能力、分析挖掘能力以及共享服务能力,持续推动和引领中国科学数据的共享,在科学研究和支撑国家需求等方面做出更大贡献。     

Postglacial vegetation history of Mitkof Island, Alexander Archipelago, southeastern Alaska

An AMS radiocarbon-dated pollen record from a peat deposit on Mitkof Island, southeastern Alaska provides a vegetation history spanning ∼12,900 cal yr BP to the present. Late Wisconsin glaciers covered the entire island; deglaciation occurred > 15,400 cal yr BP. The earliest known vegetation to develop on the island (∼12,900 cal yr BP) was pine woodland (Pinus contorta) with alder (Alnus), sedges (Cyperaceae) and ferns (Polypodiaceae type). By ∼12,240 cal yr BP, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) began to colonize the island while pine woodland declined. By ∼11,200 cal yr BP, mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) began to spread across the island. Sitka spruce-mountain hemlock forests dominated the lowland landscapes of the island until ∼10,180 cal yr BP, when western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) began to colonize, and soon became the dominant tree species. Rising percentages of pine, sedge, and sphagnum after ∼7100 cal yr BP may reflect an expansion of peat bog habitats as regional climate began to shift to cooler, wetter conditions. A decline in alders at that time suggests that coastal forests had spread into the island's uplands, replacing large areas of alder thickets. Cedars (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Thuja plicata) appeared on Mitkof Island during the late Holocene.     

Displacement amplification factors for steel eccentrically braced frames

Inelastic deformation capacity of links is a factor that significantly influences design of steel eccentrically braced frames (EBFs). The link rotation angle is used to describe inelastic link deformation. The link rotation angle is generally calculated by making use of design story drifts that in turn are calculated by modifying the elastic displacements by a displacement amplification factor. This paper presents a numerical study undertaken to evaluate the displacement amplification factor given in ASCE7‐10 for EBFs and the rigid‐plastic mechanism used for calculating link rotation angles. A total of 72 EBFs were designed by considering the number of stories, the bay width, the link length to bay width ratio, and the seismic hazard level as the prime variables. All structures were analyzed using elastic and inelastic time history analyses. The results indicated that the displacement amplification factor given in ASCE7‐10 provides unconservative estimates of the story drifts. On the other hand, the rigid‐plastic mechanism provides conservative estimates of link rotations. Based on the results of the numerical study, a new set of displacement amplification factors that vary along the height of the structure and modifications to the rigid‐plastic mechanism were developed. In light of the proposed modifications, the EBFs were redesigned and analyzed using inelastic time history analysis. The results indicated that the proposed modifications provide improvements for the displacement amplification factor and link rotation angle calculation procedures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

表层土剪切波速的不确定性对地表设计谱平台值的影响

土层剪切波速对地表反应谱有重要的影响。选取构建了不同场地类别的235个场地地震反应模型,人工合成了12条强弱及频谱特性不同的加速度时程,运用一维土层地震反应的等效线性化波动方法,研究了不同地震动输入下表层土剪切波速的不确定性对设计谱平台值的影响,统计给出了表层土剪切波速的变异率与地表设计反应谱平台值间的经验公式。结果表明:地表设计反应谱平台值与表层土剪切波速的变异率呈负相关关系,即随表层土剪切波速变异率的增大而减小;不同地震波输入条件下各类场地类别地表设计谱平台高度与表层土剪切波速变异率的数学模型为一阶指数函数。     

大渡河金川-巴底河段河流地貌特征研究

对大渡河中游金川-巴底河段水系格局、河谷形态、河流阶地及第四纪沉积物进行研究,分析河流地貌的发育特征、影响因素以及发育演化史,为区域稳定性评价提供依据。研究表明,该区域为具有夷平面的深切峡谷地貌区,发育三级夷平面和4~6级阶地,河流地貌发育经历三个阶段,河流地貌的形成与演化受构造、岩性影响明显。     

中国古代测绘发展特点

中国古代测绘发展具有显著特点。本文基于大量测绘史料，论述了中国古代测绘发展道路的独创性、发展速度的跳跃性、测绘方法的实用性等特点及其形成原因，反映了测绘科学发展的若干规律，这对于今天的测绘科技创新具有借鉴意义。     

Where Are the Women? Accounting for Discrepancies in Female Doctorates in U.S. Geography

Although there have been noticeable improvements in recent years, geography continues to be a predominantly male discipline. The percentage of women receiving PhDs in geography has tracked lower than the U.S. average of female PhDs. Previous studies of women's contribution to geography have focused on personal accounts or on the study of some of the most prominent practitioners, with a few studies using basic data on PhDs awarded and Association of American Geographers membership to determine trends. This article provides a comprehensive overview of doctoral degrees in geography by gender, over time, and across all universities in the United States by examining an alternative database, that of doctoral dissertations. The analysis yields three separate types of results. First, historical and contemporary variations among U.S. universities are examined. Second, data indicate that male and female doctoral students differ in the sex of their advisor. Third, a simple regression model explains some of the discrepancies in the proportion of female doctoral students by department. In sum, this article provides a comprehensive empirical study of the factors that might contribute to the continued disparities in female doctoral students in geography.     

花海拗陷的热演化和生烃期的磷灰石裂变径迹证据

利用裂变径迹分析方法测量了取自花海拗陷的钻井磷灰石样品的裂变径迹年龄和长度。结果表明,随井深增加年龄减小,平均径迹长度亦变短。取自白垩纪地层的磷灰石样品的裂变径迹年龄都比地层年龄年轻得多,表明沉积后曾长时间处于磷灰石裂变径迹退火带中,沉积前的径迹记录已部分消失,古地温高于今地温。利用蒙特卡罗随机取样的热史模拟方法对裂变径迹数据进行了分析,结果表明白垩纪地层沉积后曾经历过超过110 ℃的加热,达到最高古地温的地质时代是早白垩世晚期—晚白垩世末,为主要生烃期。新生代以来盆地变冷,生油岩的成熟度主要受古地温控制     

Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology of Granite from the Xiazhuang Uranium Ore Field, South China: Implications for Exhumation History and Ore Preservation

Xiazhuang uranium ore field, located in the southern part of the Nanling Metallogenic Belt, is considered one of the largest granite-related U regions in South China. In this paper, we contribute new apatite fission track data and thermal history modeling to constrain the exhumation history and evaluate preservation potential of the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field. Nine Triassic outcrop granite samples collected from different locations of Xiazhuang Uranium ore field yield AFT ages ranging from 43 to 24 Ma with similar mean confined fission track lengths ranging from 11.8 ± 2.0 to 12.9 ± 1.9 μm and Dpar values between 1.01 and 1.51 μm. The robustness time-temperature reconstructions of samples from the hanging wall of Huangpi fault show that the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field experienced a time of monotonous and slow cooling starting from middle Paleocene to middle Miocene (~60–10 Ma), followed by relatively rapid exhumation in the late Miocene (~10–5 Ma) and nearly thermal stability in the Pliocene–Quaternary (~5–0 Ma). The amount of exhumation after U mineralization since the Middle Paleogene was estimated as ~4.3 ± 1.8 km according to the integrated thermal history model. Previous studies indicate that the ore-forming ages of U deposits in the Xiazhuang ore field are mainly before Middle Paleocene and the mineralization depths are more than 4.4 ± 1.2 km. Therefore, the exhumation history since middle Paleocene plays important roles in the preservation of the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field.     

对济南地区基坑降水引起既有地基沉降的认识

结合工程经验,对基坑降水引起的周边既有建筑地基沉降的影响因素进行了总结,针对采用分层总和法估算降水引起地基沉降公式中,对应附加应力段的压缩系数取值不准问题,提出了采用基于地层应力历史的降水引起周边地基沉降的估算方法,并结合工程实例对降水引起地基沉降进行了预测。