Distribution characteristics of historical earthquake classes in Jiangsu Province and South Huanghai Sea region

Introduction In the region of Jiangsu Province and South Huanghai Sea, only 14 M4.7 earthquakes (ex-cluding aftershocks and other main shocks in the swarm) occurred from 1970 when microseismic observation net was built. It is very difficult to objectively distinguish the law of earthquake series distribution in a region based on these data. However, from the antiquity in China, Jiangsu is an area with flourish economy and a galaxy of talent and culture. In Jiangsu, historical data are so c…     

THE SUPREME COURT'S ROLE IN CHOCTAW AND CHICKASAW DISPOSSESSION*

ABSTRACT. During the nineteenth century, Indian groups throughout the United States saw their lands taken from them through a variety of means, including land cessions and allotment. The Choctaw and Chickasaw, two of the Five Civilized Tribes of the southeastern United States, endured this process of dispossession. Although the U.S. Congress promulgated much of this dispossession through treaty‐based territorial demands, the Supreme Court proved an able partner in the process by subverting treaty guarantees and expanding congressional power. The dispute over the area known as “Greer County” provides an example of the Supreme Court's role in Indian dispossession, for its ruling in 1900 extinguished the Choctaw and Chickasaw claim to most of southwestern Oklahoma, earlier treaty provisions notwithstanding.     

Variations in Typhoon Landfalls over China

The interannual variability in typhoon landfalls over China is investigated using historical and modern records. For the purpose of substantiating and elaborating upon the claim of north to south variation in tropical cyclone activity over China, a north-to-south anti-correlation in yearly activity is confirmed in the historical cyclone records. When cyclone activity over the province of Guangdong is high （low）, it tends to be low （high） over the province of Fujian. A similar spatial variation is identified in the modern records using a factor analysis model, which delineates typhoon activity over the southern provinces of Guangdong and Hainan from the activity over the northern provinces of Fujian, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Shandong. A landfall index of typhoon activity representing the degree to which each year follows this pattern of activity is used to identify correlated climate variables. A useful statistical regression model that includes sea-level pressure differences between Mongolia and western China and sea-surface temperature （SST） over the northwestern Pacific Ocean during the summer explains 26% of the interannual variability of the landfall index. It is suggested that a stronger than normal north-south pressure gradient increases the surface easterly wind flow over northern China： this, coupled with lower SST over the Pacific, favors typhoons taking a more westerly track toward southern China.     

17111911年昆明雨季降水的分级重建与初步研究

利用清代档案和其他文献资料,重建了1711¹911年间昆明雨季降水的分级序列。在重建中采取了纠偏措施,有效地解决了资料存在的系统偏差问题。对重建序列的分析表明,昆明降水存在较大的波动,可以分为4个大的时段。总的来说,18世纪的雨季降水略少于19世纪。和喜马拉雅山区达索普冰芯恢复的印度季风降水序列的比较表明,19世纪70年代是两个序列中降水量最多的10年,且19世纪后半期同是两个序列波动较大的时期。但也有不一致的地方,说明两地降水机制有所差别。同时太阳活动的世纪周期对昆明的雨季降水有影响。对中间分辨率资料的开拓利用,有助于拓展高分辨率历史气候序列重建的范围。     

阿尔奇(Archie)公式：提出背景与早期争论

根据关于岩石电学的早期资料，介绍了阿尔奇公式的提出背景和当时身处学术界和测井界的研究者和工程师们围绕阿尔奇公式所展开的一系列研究和论战.回顾与分析证明：围绕阿尔奇公式所进行的早期论战在于地层因子F及指数m和n.具体的论战焦点有四个：（1）地层因子的表达式F=1/m是否合适；（2）m和n是否具有物理内涵；（3）m和n的值到底是常数还是变数；（4）m和n与岩石的内部结构是否有关.在经过近20年的研究和论争后，即在1960年左右发现指数m和n与岩石的结构、构造以及孔隙流体的饱和度和流体替换的历史有关.此外，还发现岩石的湿润性和超毛细管孔隙度对岩石的电阻率也有很大的影响.虽然阿尔奇公式影响深远而且在岩石物理学和石油测井的发展中具有划时代的意义和里程碑式的作用，但是没有考虑泥质、淡水、低孔隙、非均匀几何参数分布（孔隙度、曲折度）、非均匀饱和度分布、各向异性以及参数a和b对岩石电阻率的贡献和隐藏在这些参数和因素后面的物理机制.因此，在应用阿尔奇公式时必须注意有关的应用条件.此外，根据完全水饱和公式ρ0=FρW=aρW/m和部分水饱和公式ρt=Iρ0=bρ0S-nW来研究F、I、a、b以及m和n与岩石的内部结构、孔隙分布以及孔隙流体和岩石颗粒之间的物理及化学相互作用的关系具有反问题的特点.所以，围绕阿尔奇公式的研究和争论将有可能会伴随着时代的进步和科学技术的发展一直进行下去.     

1352年定西-会宁地震史料的新发现

1352年4月26日定西-会宁地震是陇中地区的特大地震之一,但长期以来由于缺乏史料而一直认识不清。近来在资料的收集考证和现场考察中有许多新的发现,为本次地震的研究提供了宝贵的史料依据。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .