Forest transition and biogeographic meaning of the current laurel forest landscape in Canary Islands,Spain

This study provides a geographical synthesis of the current natural landscape dynamics of the Canarian laurel forest based on the results of a biogeographic study of its structure, composition, and dynamics. Historical socioeconomic changes and recent environmental conservation strategies have led to natural forest dynamics that make it necessary to change our current scientific conception of the Canarian laurel forest landscape. According to the forest transition theory, in the protected areas of Anaga and Teno Rural Parks (Tenerife) and Garajonay National Park (La Gomera), the forest reaction to the gradual abandonment of economic activity reveals how strongly human activity has shaped the features of the laurel forest, which traditionally has been considered to be relatively untouched by humankind. How natural disturbances have affected this forest over the past few years has also contributed to a better understanding of its dynamics. This study explains the key patterns of spontaneous dynamics in the Canarian laurel forest to enrich our understanding of this forest and its landscape, while highlighting the importance of human activity as the catalyst for its current vigorous dynamics.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

侯仁之先生与沙漠历史地理研究

侯仁之先生为沙漠历史地理研究这一全新科学领域的开拓者,他多次深入沙漠地区进行历史地理考察,对沙区地理环境的历史变迁及其演变规律进行了系统探讨,在学科理论建树和实践探索上取得丰硕成果。他的研究不仅揭示了历史时期人类活动对沙漠地区自然环境的影响过程及其演变规律,而且也为今天西北地区防沙治沙以及生产发展和经济建设提供了重要的科学依据和历史借鉴。他的学术思想及业绩,值得我们继承和发扬。     

卡尔·苏尔的文化生态学理论与实践

“伯克利学派” ,又称“文化生态学派” ,是一个由卡尔·苏尔创立的、具有广泛学术影响的美国人文地理学派 ,在欧美地理学界和文化人类学界曾产生过巨大影响。本文对伯克利学派创始人卡尔·苏尔的学术思想和学术实践作了系统的分析和总结。苏尔的学术研究主要包括五个部分 :1 )农业起源问题研究 ;2 )文化景观与生态环境相互关系的研究 ;3)美洲探险史和发现史研究 ;4 )人类对自然环境的改造 ;5 )文化生态学方法论探索。指导苏尔学术实践活动的核心思想 ,是他在《景观的形态》和《历史地理学序言》中系统阐述和倡导的文化生态学思想 ,这就是强调文化景观与生态环境之间有机联系的分析 ,重视文化景观的发生学或历史地理学的研究     

基于地方志的1736-1911年华北秋粮丰歉指数序列重建及其与气候变化的关系

粮食作物的收成丰歉与气候要素的关联是研究历史时期气候变化社会影响的重要切入点。利用清代地方志中的收成丰歉记录,以语义差异法对收成等级进行区分,重建了1736-1911年华北地区秋粮丰收和歉收指数序列,定量分析收成变化特征及其与同期温度和降水变化的关系,并对比以往常用的官方收成分数奏报记录,探讨地方志资料在重建历史粮食收成变化中的优势和不足。结果表明：① 地方志中的歉收记录相比丰收记录更为可靠,重建的歉收指数序列可在相当程度上描述总体收成的变化,就宏观趋势而言,19世纪歉收风险相比18世纪显著增加。② 歉收指数序列与10年、5年尺度的温度变化均呈显著负相关关系,反映气候转冷可显著提升歉收风险;在年际尺度上,歉收指数序列与降水呈显著负相关,与旱灾指数序列的相关系数则达到0.71（p < 0.001）,体现出极端旱灾对于华北粮食收成的严重威胁。③ 地方志中的收成记录虽在量化精度上不如奏报,但其歉收记录对于极端减产年份的反映更为准确,两者在实际应用中存在一定的互补性。以上结论有助于改进利用历史文献资料研究过去气候变化影响的技术手段,并深化气候变化对过去农业生产系统影响规律的科学认识。     

Gridding cropland data reconstruction over the agricultural region of China in 1820

Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of LUCC change with climate and ecosystem simulation, but the result could only be determined precisely if a high-resolution underlying land cover map is used. While the efforts based satellites have provided a good baseline for present land cover, what the next advancement in the research about LUCC change required is the development of reconstruction of historical LUCC change, especially spatially-explicit historical dataset. Being different from other similar studies, this study is based on the analysis of historical land use patterns in the traditional cultivated region of China. Taking no account of the less important factors, altitude, slope and population patterns are selected as the major drivers of reclamation in ancient China, and used to design the HCGM (Historical Cropland Gridding Model, at a 60 km×60 km resolution), which is an empirical model for allocating the historical cropland inventory data spatially to grid cells in each political unit. Then we use this model to reconstruct cropland distribution of the study area in 1820, and verify the result by prefectural cropland data of 1820, which is from the historical documents. The statistical analyzing result shows that the model can simulate the patterns of the cropland distribution in the historical period in the traditional cultivated region efficiently.     

历史GIS的研究现状和发展趋势

历史地理信息系统（历史GIS）属于地理信息系统（GIS）与历史学相结合的交叉研究领域,它有机地集成了GIS的技术方法、地理学家的空间视角和历史学家的时间视角,量化历史时期的地理过程并构建相应的时空模型,为面向未来的科学预测提供研究基础。历史GIS兴起于20世纪90年代中期,给GIS学科、历史地理学和历史学都带来了新的研究机遇与活力,并表现出强劲的发展势头,但也存在一些尚待解决的问题。近年来,历史GIS向社会提供了日益丰富的历史地理信息服务,并逐渐跨越系统的技术层面,向着科学层面纵深发展。本文通过对国内外相关文献的梳理与分析,回顾了历史GIS产生的背景,从数字化、数据模型、数据库建设与系统开发、空间分析和可视化5个方面综述了国内外历史GIS的研究现状。最后,从历史资料的空间化与数字化、历史地理时空大数据、历史地理空间框架构建及历史地理信息服务、历史地理时空过程及模型构建、历史地理信息科学和技术学科体系的形成等角度展望了历史GIS的发展趋势,以期为历史GIS未来的发展提供新的研究思路。     

成矿系统及其演化——初步实践到理论思考

成矿系统是指在一定的地质时空域中, 控制矿床形成和保存的全部地质要素和成矿作用过程, 以及所形成的矿床系列和异常系列构成的整体, 它是具有成矿功能的一个自然系统.依据多年矿床研究的实践经验和理性思考, 考虑当前矿床学研究的总体趋势, 提出成矿系统研究是今后一段时间内矿床学研究的一个重要领域; 以系统观与历史观相结合, 提出“成矿系统演化论”, 认为它是成矿学研究的核心问题之一; 又从中国大地构造与地质成矿特征出发, 指出成矿系统演化研究对认识中国成矿规律的重要性.建立了成矿系统的框架结构, 突出表现了边界成矿、转换成矿、耦合成矿的普遍意义; 提出成矿产物包括矿床系列和异常系列两个方面, 以及重视矿床形成后的变化和保存.这些都是具有理论意义和实际意义的研究课题.      

清末以来洞庭湖区通江湖泊的时空演变

本文利用清光绪22年以来17个时段的多种历史地图和航天航空遥感数据,采用遥感解译、数据统计分析与历史对比方法,分析清末以来洞庭湖区通江湖泊面积的时序变化,探究空间演变特征。结合水利部门发布的典型年份监测数据,检验了遥感获取的湖泊面积精度,误差仅为0.62%。结果显示：洞庭湖通江湖泊面积从1896年的5216.37 km²减少到2019年的2702.74 km²,萎缩率为48.19%。1949年前的53年为明显萎缩期,年均萎缩15.66 km²;20世纪50年代为陡崖式萎缩期,年均萎缩139.05 km²;20世纪60—70年代为快速萎缩期,年均萎缩21.66 km²;1980年以来为基本稳定期,年均萎缩0.13 km²,面积仅减少了5.10 km²。就具体湖泊而言,东洞庭湖是各通江湖泊中面积萎缩最大的湖泊,减幅为922.60 km²;其次是目平湖,减幅为588.05 km²;再次是南洞庭湖,减幅为448.37 km²;七里湖的面积变化很小,但经历了先扩张后萎缩的过程。1998—2002年实施“退田还湖”工程,洞庭湖面积增加了10.50 km²。总体而言,清末以来洞庭湖区通江湖泊的演变主要表现为大通湖的封闭析出、整修南洞庭湖的湖垸置换与南迁、围垦西洞庭湖的局部残存、东洞庭湖的三面合围以及1998年特大洪灾后有限的“退田还湖”。本文为长江流域生态修复和环境保护战略提供了客观资料和技术支撑。