Severe Drought Events as Revealed in the Climate Records of China and Their Temperature Situations over the Last 1000 Years

1. IntroductionDroughts are one of the greatest concerns of In-tergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).For the outlook of future climate it is necessary togain insight into when the climate was dry, what ma-jor droughts occurred and why they did in the past(Jonathan and Kevin, 2003). Hence, we have to drawon paleoclimate data of various kinds and fortunately,we have an abundance of Chinese records and descrip-tions in historical and modern times for the purpose,which serve as one of…     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Portable Utopia: Glasgow and the United States 1820–1920. Bernard Aspinwall. Studies in Russian Historical Geography. James H. Bater and R. A. French, eds. Water and Sanitation: Economic and Sociological Perspectives. Peter G. Bourne, ed. Green Politics. Fritjof Capra and Charlene Spretnak. The Southern Cone: Realities of the Authoritarian State. César N. Caviedes. Women in Third World Development. Sue Ellen Charlton. Land Management: New Directions. David Chiddick and Alan Millington, eds. Geography and Ethnic Pluralism. Colin Clarke, David Ley, Ceri Peach, eds. Geomorphological Hazards in Los Angeles. R. U. Cooke. Regional Impacts of United States-Mexico Economic Relations. Alfonso Corona and Lay James Gibson. eds. Patterns of Jobs and Geographic Mobility. Torvald Gerger. Cities and Sickness: Health Care in Urban America. Ann Lennarson Greer and Scott Greer, eds. Neighborhoods: Their Place in Urban Life. Howard W. Hallman. Development and the Rural-Urban Divide. John Harriss and Mick Moore, eds. Patterns of Undocumented Migration: Mexico and the United States. Richard C. Jones, ed. Central Place Theory. Leslie J. King. The Geography of Western Europe: A Socio-economic Survey. Paul L. Knox. Regions and Resources: Strategies for Development. David T. Krisge, Daniel A. Seiver, Oliver S. Goldsmith and Michael J. Scott. Geography of Crowding and Human Response. A Study of Ahmedabad City. K. M. Kulkarni. Haciendo Pueblo. The Development of a Guadalajaran Suburb. Kathleen Logan. The Imperial Lion: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Central Africa. Stewart A. Marks. Water in the Hispanic Southwest: A Social and Legal History, 1550–1850. Michael C. Meyer. Imlil: A Moroccan Mountain Community in Change. James A. Miller. Tourism in Canada: Selected Issues and Options. Peter E. Murphy, ed. David Harvey's Geography. John L. Paterson. Raster Scanning, Processing and Plotting of Cartographic Documents. Donna J. Peuquet and A. Raymond Boyle. The USSR and the Muslim World: Issues in Domestic and Foreign Policy. Yaacov Ro'i, ed. Environmental Perception and Behavior: An Inventory and Prospect. Thomas F. Saarinen, David Seamon, and James L. Sell. Incised channels, Morphology, Dynamics, and Control. Stanley A. Schumm, Michael D. Harvey, and Chester C. Watson. The Gap Between Rich and Poor: Contending Perspectives on the Political Economy of Development. Mitchell A. Seligson, ed. Twentieth-Century Richmond. Planning, Politics and Race. Christopher Silver. Land Conservation and Development: Examples of Land-Use Planning Projects and Programs. F. R. Steiner and H. N. van Lier, eds. Biogeography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. J. A. Taylor, ed. Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union. A. A. Velichko, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr. and C. W. Barnosky, eds.     

Soil liquefaction potential induced by the andalusian earthquake of 25 December 1884

On 25 December 1884, an earthquake of epicentral intensityI ₀ = IX in the MSK scale caused great damage in a large area in the provinces of Granada and Málaga, in the south of Spain. The reports of the Spanish, Italian and French Commissions that studied the earthquake described ground phenomena in seven different sites which can be identified as soil liquefaction.By means of dynamic penetration tests carried out in the above sites, the corresponding soil profiles (based on SPT data and water table depth) were established, and the occurrence of liquefaction was proved in five out of seven of these sites. Also, the intensities at such locations and the magnitude of the earthquake were estimated.From the geotechnical data and the cyclic stress ratio induced by the earthquake, liquefaction conditions were confirmed in all the five sites which presumably liquefied. Then, possible values of the minimum ground surface accelerations necessary for the onset of liquefaction at each location were calculated. The results obtained were completed with data reported in six liquefaction case studies from Japan and the United States, from which design charts relating soil acceleration with normalized SPT values for different intensity levels were drawn.Finally, by using standard attenuation curves, the above data were translated into epicentral distances, and good agreement with the known epicentral area was found. As a result, a consistent approach for liquefaction hazard and source location problems has been developed. The proposed method combines in its formulation historical evidence and earthquake engineering techniques.     

历史城区旅游化：时空过程、功能转换及关联协调——以甘肃省天水市历史城区为例

借助史料、历史地图及谷歌POI数据,运用空间句法和GIS空间分析探讨天水古城自明清以来空间和功能的演化过程及其内在关联。研究发现：① 明清以来,天水古城的旅游化经历了传统游憩的普及（明清）、衰落（民国）、停滞（1949—1987年）阶段,现代旅游兴起与传统游憩恢复（1988—2000年）及融合创新（2001年至今）阶段。古城传统格局逐渐消失,但是历史轴线的主轴线地位延续,可达性、穿越性最好,协同度最高,“空间结构惯性”规律作用明显。② 在不同施动主体的共同作用下,天水古城由安全防御、军事政治、集市商贸等传统功能向工业生产,进而向现代旅游、居住功能转变,游憩休闲功能显著增强。③ 居民和游客共享公共活动空间,但服务功能相互分离。游客活动空间与功能服务协调性较好,居民公共活动空间与服务设施一致性较差。     

Sustainable Development and Tourists’ Satisfaction in Historical Districts: Influencing Factors and Features

Determining how to achieve sustainable development and protection of historical districts is a worthwhile research topic. As a vital way to update urban space, tourism development in historical districts is an effective tool for redistributing urban functions and increasing urban vitality. This paper takes the Insa-dong in South Korea as a case study for the evaluation of tourist satisfaction in historical districts, based on 550 questionnaires. The questionnaire contains 33 evaluation indicators, and the subjects' subjective judgment and satisfaction with Insa-dong are measured in the form of the Likert scale. Using SPSS to analyze tourists’ satisfaction with historical districts, this studyfinds that: (1) The tourist satisfaction evaluation of Insa-dong includes six dimensions in total: “Embodiment of historical elements”, “The blend of tradition and modernity”, “Industry distribution and type”, “Consumer demand”, “ Street layout and function” and “Landscaping”. (2) “The blend of tradition and modernity” has the highest weight while “Industry distribution and type” has the lowest one in the analysis of factors influencing overall satisfaction. (3) The analysis of the common factor weights and the common factor satisfaction levels shows that “The blend of tradition and modernity” and “Street layout and function” are the parts that need to be improved. “Consumer demand” also has a lot of room for promotion. The research results will be beneficial for enhancing the tourist experiences of historical districts and they provide a theoretical basis and practical experience reference for effective protection and sustainable development of historical districts.     

1930s-2000年广西地区石漠化分布的变迁

根据民国时期《广西省各县石山林木保护办法》中对石山的定义,对应目前石漠化等级划分方法,把该时期的石山区解读为轻度及以上石漠化分布地区.通过对1930s国民政府参谋本部陆地测量总局编绘的1:10万广西省地形图上所绘石山范围进行数字化,并与2000年广西壮族自治区石漠化分布现状图进行比较,揭示了近70年来广西地区石漠化分布在空间上的变化.研究表明:① 1930s广西地区轻度及以上石漠化面积为31922.25 km²,比2000年的27123.21 km²多出4799 km²,说明民国时期广西地区轻度及以上石漠化土地分布范围比当代的大,但在空间变迁上表现出此增彼减的变化特点;② 2000年的数据中有47个县石漠化面积比1930s的少,减少的总面积为9045.5 km²,集中分布在广西西部和中部,都安瑶族自治县的变化最明显,近70年内减少了894.8 km²;③ 2000年有30个县的石漠化面积比1930s的多,共增加了4246 km²,集中分布在广西东北部,其中全州县增加了556.55 km².     

基于分层分区法的中国历史耕地数据的网格化重建

网格化历史耕地数据集能为历史时期耕地变化研究提供更精确的支持,并且为全球环境气候变化研究模型模拟提供驱动数据。本文综合考虑了中国历代土地利用开发的特点及自然人文因子对耕地的影响,设计了一套对中国耕地先分区再分层分配的网格化方法。基于国内3个主流区域耕地数据研究成果,采用上述方法建立了1820年（清仁宗嘉庆二十五年）和1936年（民国二十五年）中国10 km×10 km分辨率的耕地数据集,并绘制了分布图。本文还利用国内具有代表性的区域数据集对重建结果进行对比验证。结果表明,该方法可以保证耕地数量的权威性,并且建立具有区域性的高精度历史耕地数据集。     

1876~1878年西北地区中西部干旱事件研究

从清代后期西北地区的历史文献中整理出1876~1878年气候信息和农业信息,即少雨或干旱等事件、蝗虫事件、歉收和饥荒事件。资料来源包括清代中央和新疆地方的档案,新疆、甘肃和宁夏的地方志,重要人物的文集等。结果显示1876~1878年西北地区中西部出现干旱及相关事件。将以上事件绘制成图,发现这些事件分布在甘肃、宁夏和新疆东部,最西可达新疆天山北麓中部。整体上,事件以1877年为范围最广、最为严重。在此次干旱事件中,西北地区中西部的经济社会受到的影响有限,只在部分县域出现粮食歉收和饥荒,未发生同期华北地区普遍存在的“奇荒”。